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Adaptation approaches
Numerous countries have planned or started adaptation measures. The Netherlands, along with the Philippines and Japan and United Nations Environment, launched the Global Centre of Excellence on Climate Adaptation in 2017.

As part of its commitment to environmental sustainability, the Government of the Netherlands initiated a plan to establish over 200 recharging stations for electric vehicles across the country. The rollout will be undertaken by Switzerland-based power and automation company ABB and Dutch startup Fastned, and will aim to provide at least one station within a 50-kilometre radius (30 miles) from every home in the Netherlands.

Policies and legislation
The Dutch government has signed numerous climate agreements, such as:


 * United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992
 * Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997
 * Paris Agreement was signed in 2015

Paris agreement
The Paris agreement is a legally international agreement, it's main goal is to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels. The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC’s) are the plans to fight climate change adapted for each country. Every party in the agreement has different targets based on it's own historical climate records and countrys circumstances and all the targets for each country are stated in their NDC.

National determined goals based on NDC's
Some goals for all members of the Paris agreement:
 * Climate neutral to 2050
 * Limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C
 * Reduction in emissions and of Greenhouse gases (GHG).
 * Increase the adaptability to the harmful effects of climate change.
 * Adjust the financial flows so they can be combined with reduce GHG emissions

For member countries of the European Union the goals are very similar and the European Union work with a common strategy within the paris agreement. The NDC target regarding the Netherlands against climate change and greenhouse gas emissions under the paris agreement are the following:


 * 40% reduction in Greenhouse gas emissions until 2030, compared to 1990. This reduction are covered in these four sections;
 * 1) European Union Emission Trading System
 * 2) Outside the EU emissions trading system
 * 3) Land use, land-use change, and forestry, (LULUCF)
 * 4) Domestic institutional legislation and mitigation measure


 * 55% reduction of Greenhouse gases by domestic binding target without contribution from international credits, until 2030 compared to 1990.
 * Gases covered in reduction: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs), Perfluorinated compound (PFCs), Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
 * --> new! 36% reduction of emissions from outside the the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) until 2030, compared to 2005.

Strategy to achieve NDC's
Countries has different ways to achieve the established goals depending on resources. In the case of the Netherlands and the European union the following approach is established to support the NDC’s climate change plan.<ref name="The update of the nationally determined contribution of the Netherlands.


 * A regulation has been adopted to counteract greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere through LULUCF. With this methodology, each Member State must report land use and subsequently report compensatory measures for the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.


 * Targets for improved energy efficiency and an increased amount of renewable energy have been established. Until the year 2030, energy consumption will be improved by 32.5%. The amount of renewable energy within the final energy consumption will increase at least by 32%.


 * New targets will reduce emissions in road transport. The CO2 emission per km must be reduced by 30-37.5% depending on vehicles by 2030.


 * Stricter targets have been established for landfilling and recycling, which results in reduced greenhouse gas emissions in addition to CO2.


 * Limit sales of F-gas, prohibited products and prevent emissions in existing products with F-gases. This is expected to reduce emissions of F-gases by 66% by 2030 compared to 2014.


 * Multiannual Financial Framework,(MFF), for 2021-2027. MFF will finance climate action, such as policies and programmes. MFF shall contribute to climate neutrality by 2050 and to achieving the 2030 climate targets.


 * Within the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) a cap on the maximum allowable amount of emissions i established. From year 2021 this will also be applied in aviation. The EU ETS is a important tool in EU policy to reduce Greenhouse gas emission in a cost effective way. Under the 'cap and trade' principle, a maximum (cap) is set on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by all participating installations.

In the long-term low GHG emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) the Netherlands have choose to focus on one main target, cut it's greenhouse gas emissions by 49% by 2030. As a interim target to the climate act the Netherlands must reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 95% by 2050 compared to 1990.

With these measures the Netherland will fight the potential climate change hoping that the figures stay inside of the expected parameters for 2050.

Progress

The Kyoto protocol was ongoing in 2008-2012, had a target to reduce global emissions 8% from 1990. The Netherlands target for GHG emissions for the period 2008-2012 was -6% changes in emissions from the base year (1990) and the result was -6.3%.

International cooperation
The Dutch government needs to reduce emission by 25% in 2020 after a lawsuit was filled against the Dutch government called the Urgenda case.

 Russia

Approaches
Numerous countries have planned or started adaptation measures. Russia is party to international agreements on climate change.
 * Kyoto Protocol was ratified in 2009 by Russia, It came in force on 16 February 2010
 * Paris agreement, in 2019 announced Russia that the 2015 paris agreement will be implemented

Paris agreement
The Paris agreement is a legally international agreement, it's main goal is to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels. The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC’s) are the plans to fight climate change adapted for each country. Every party in the agreement has different targets based on it's own historical climate records and countrys circumstances and all the targets for each country are stated in their NDC.

The national determined goals based on NDC's
Some of goals of every country are based in the next points.


 * Climate neutral to 2050
 * Limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C
 * Reduction in emissions and of Greenhouse gases (GHG).
 * Increase the adaptability to the harmful effects of climate change.
 * Adjust the financial flows so they can be combined with reduce GHG emissions

Some of the Russia NDC target against climate change and greenhouse gas emissions under the paris agreement are the following:


 * 70% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions until 2030 relative to 1990, accounting for absorptive capacity of forest, ecosystems and social economical development


 * Voluntary support for developing countries to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement

Strategy to achieve NDC's
Every country has different ways to achieve the established goals depending on resources. In the case of Russia the following approach is established to support the NDC’s climate change plan:


 * Use the maximum possible absorption capacity forests when counting the greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Partly to show the importance of greenhouse gas sinks and the need to protect and improving of them.
 * Many approaches is taken in to account when forming Russian adaptation systems.
 * Evaluate effectiveness of different levels of decision making of adaptation measures.


 * Proactive work to aim to reducing the risk of climate change (for example construction of dams against floods).
 * Emergency adaptation to minimize the damage in case of an climate change emergency

Progress
 * Increasing energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy and developing the use of non-fuel and renewable energy sources.
 * The Government of the Russian Federation approved a action plan to improve the energy efficiency of the Russian economy in 2019.
 * Inventory of greenhouse gas emissions by monitoring, reporting and verification system
 * Russia Federation will assist developing countries in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. This is done by increasing the peaceful use of nuclear energy in developing countries.

The goal of 70% emission reduction indicate an increasing ambition compared to earlier commitments to limit greenhouse gas emissions. In the Kyoto protocol Russia established indicator for limiting greenhouse gas emissions to no more than 75% of the 1990 level. The EU hade instead the indicator to a 100%.

The Kyoto protocol was ongoing in 2008-2012, The Russian federation target for GHG emissions for the period 2008-2012 was 0% changes in emissions from the base year (1990) and the result was -36.3%.

Climate action tracker,(CAT), is a independent scientific analysis that tracks government climate action and measures it against the globally agreed Paris Agreement. Climate action tracker found Russian actions to be "critical insufficient".

International cooperation
The Kyoto agreement did not cause emission cuts for Russia due to an earlier drop in emissions compared to year 1990 for other reasons, mainly a significant drop in economic growth. Six G8 countries would have been ready for the agreement to "at least halve global emissions by 2050" in 2007. Russia and the United States did not agree.

Data is scarce and out of date.

 CANADA 

Paris agreement
The Paris agreement is a legally international agreement, it's main goal is to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels. The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC’s) are the plans to fight climate change adapted for each country. Every party in the agreement has different targets based on it's own historical climate records and countrys circumstances and all the targets for each country are stated in their NDC.

National determined goals based on NDC's
Some goals for all members of the Paris agreement: The NDC target regarding the Canada against climate change and greenhouse gas emissions under the paris agreement are the following :
 * Climate neutral to 2050
 * Limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C
 * Reduction in emissions and of Greenhouse gases (GHG).
 * Increase the adaptability to the harmful effects of climate change.
 * Adjust the financial flows so they can be combined with reduce GHG emissions


 * 30% reduction in Greenhouse gas emissions until 2030, compared to 2005.
 * Pricing carbon pollution with $10 per tonne by 2018 and rising to $50 per tonne by 2022.
 * Reduce Methane (CH4) emissions from the oil and gas sector with at least 40% by 2025 compared to 2005.
 * Reduce the Black carbon.
 * Support Indigenous people communities.

Strategy to achieve NDC's
Canada has different ways to achieve the established goals depending on resources. The following approach is established to support the NDC’s climate change plan.


 * Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change; plan to reduce emissions across all sectors of the economy, announced in Budget 2017
 * Vehicles;
 * Investing in infrastructure to support zero-emissions vehicles and public transport
 * Support fuel switching in the rail, aviation, marine, and off-road sectors
 * Canada's MidCentury Long-Term Low-Greenhouse Gas Development Strategy, which was released in November 2016
 * To achieve its target, Canada must reduce its total economy-wide emissions to 523 Mt in 2030
 * One of the first country to pricing carbon pollution


 * Targets for improved energy efficiency and an increased amount of renewable energy have been established.

In the long-term low GHG emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) Canada more information is available. With these measures Canada will fight the potential climate change hoping that the figures stay inside of the expected parameters for 2050.
 * New regulations to accelerate the phase-out of traditional coal units by 2030.

Progress
The Kyoto protocol was ongoing in 2008-2012, Canada withdraw from the Kyoto protocol in 2012.

Climate action tracker,(CAT), is a independent scientific analysis that tracks government climate action and measures it against the globally agreed Paris Agreement. Climate action tracker found Canada actions to be "insufficient".

 China 

Paris agreement
The Paris agreement is a legally international agreement, it's main goal is to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels. The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC’s) are the plans to fight climate change adapted for each country. Every party in the agreement has different targets based on it's own historical climate records and countrys circumstances and all the targets for each country are stated in their NDC.

National determined goals based on NDC's
Some goals for all members of the Paris agreement: The NDC target regarding the China against climate change and greenhouse gas emissions under the paris agreement are the following:
 * Climate neutral to 2050
 * Limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C
 * Reduction in emissions and of Greenhouse gases (GHG).
 * Increase the adaptability to the harmful effects of climate change.
 * Adjust the financial flows so they can be combined with reduce GHG emissions


 * Peak of carbon dioxid emissions around 2030.
 * 60% to 65% reduction of carbon dioxid emission per unit of GDP, compared to 2005.
 * Increase the forest stock volume by around 4.5 billion cubic meters on the 2005 level.

Strategy to achieve NDC's
In the NDC of China there is a list of thing that have been achieved by 2014.


 * Proactive approach to climate change (for ex.Enhancing mechanisms to effectively defend key areas).
 * Climate action tracker,(CAT), is a independent scientific analysis that tracks government climate action and measures it against the globally agreed Paris Agreement. Climate action tracker found China actions to be "Highly insufficient".
 * Climate action tracker,(CAT), is a independent scientific analysis that tracks government climate action and measures it against the globally agreed Paris Agreement. Climate action tracker found China actions to be "Highly insufficient".