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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9166953/ : Contains details depicting the microbiology and other describing factors of Borrelia burgdorferi.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/borrelia-burgdorferi: Describes the sequences and systems within Borrelia burgdorferi and their structures.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC154584/: Contains information that discusses the strains of Borrelia burgdorferi within experiments and analysis.

https://igenex.com/tick-talk/an-overview-of-the-types-of-borrelia-that-cause-lyme-disease/: This is an overview of the types of Borrelia that may be able to cause Lyme disease.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3327992/: Laboratory confirmations of Lyme disease (if more discussion of Lyme disease is needed).

Borrelia Burgdorferi Article Editing Ideas:

-Need to Add more describing characteristics (i.e. gram negative, shape, endospores, etc)

-Add more history of discovery and Willy Burgdorfer with the help of Dr. Carl Barbour (was able to have validation of the causative agent of Lyme disease by culturing this bacteria nd characterizing it; utilized indirect immunofluorescence as well as western blotting to further validate the presence of spirochetes in the infected individuals)

-Correct grammar/scientific term errors

Borrelia Burgdorferi Article Editing:

Borrelia burgdorferi is a Gram-negative kind of bacteria. It has been proven to be what is transmitted between species that results in Lyme disease. The natural cycle of infection that ticks go through it what keeps it around. The structure and all adaptations of B. burgdorferi is what emits such a productive and invasive pathogen. It has genes for its metabolism that is similar to other common parasites, but is still very different from other well-known bacterial groups. The higher order of taxa is as follows: Bacteria; Spirochaetes (Phylum); Spriochaetes (Class); and Spirochaetales.

Lead
Borrelia burgdorferi is known as a lyme disease spirochete. B. burgdorferi is known as a helical shaped spirochete bacterium that is a Gram-negative kind of bacteria. It is characterized as having a flexible cell well, inner and outer membrane, long and cylindrical, and normally its cells are roughly 1 microgram wide. It has been proven to be what is transmitted between species that results in Lyme disease.

Article Body

Borrelia burgdorferi is a species complex of bacteria that is made of 20 genospecies. The structure and all adaptations of B. burgdorferi is what emits such a productive and invasive pathogen. It has genes for its metabolism that is similar to other common parasites, but is still very different from other well-known bacterial groups. some of these similarities of those bacterias are that they depend on their host for the energy precursors and they include limited metabolic capabilities. B. burgdorferi are able to obtain compounds from the surrounding environment by transport systems. B. burgdorferi is able to encode and transport proteins within their phospotransferase system such as ABC transporters, enzymes, and proteins.

B. burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease and that is why it is studied so intently. It is most commonly transmitted from ticks to humans. Humans act as the tick's host for this bacteria. The natural cycle of infection by ticks is what enables the continuation of the bacteria, B. burgdorferi. Ticks are able to transmit this bacteria during certain stages of their life cycle. Those life cycle stages are larval, nymphal, and adult stages.

The higher order of taxa is as follows: Bacteria; Spirochaetes (Phylum); Spriochaetes (Class); and Spirochaetales.

Characteristics of Borrelia Burgdorferi- Summary Table
Morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of Borrelia Burgdorferi are shown in the Table below. Note: (+) = Positive, (-)= Negative

https://journals.asm.org/doi/epdf/10.1128/jcm.25.11.2054-2058.1987

Extra Credit from Test 3 Q. #46 Transformation/Plasmid (4/21)
Borrelia burgdorferi has been looked at by researchers to examine its bacterial transformation. and to be able to genetically manipulate it. Researchers are able to look at specific pathogenic genes of Borrelia burgdorferi and are able to isolate them. Researchers have found, when looking at Borrelia burgdorferi strains, that they are insufficient in bacterial transformation. This was found to be because of the amount of time it takes to produce good transformants and the immense amount of DNA that transformation needs to take place. Researchers were able to transform Borrelia burgdorferi and create stains that were able to retain a plasmid profile of the original stain and doing this enabled the analysis of transformants (i.e. in vitro and in vivo phenotypes). By doing this, researchers believe it will make transformation more efficient and enable better research for looking at Borrelia burgdorferi's colonization, survival, and transmission during phases of infections.