User:Jorisbohnson12/sandbox

Background
The Iranian Safavid Empire, once a powerful empire, had been in decline since the late 17th century. This was brought about by the lack of interest in ruling by many of the Shahs of that period, royal intrigues, civil unrest, especially among many of its subjects, and recurrent wars with their Ottoman arch rivals.

Some subjects such as Mir Wais Hotak, a well-respected tribe leader, attempted to inform Shah Sultan Hussayn of the risks that a lack of strong leadership could cause for the empire. However, this displeased the Safavid political elite, who were content in their position of power and did not wish to see change in the system. Hotak was sent to be imprisoned in Isfahan by Gurgin Khan the governor of Georgia, but used this opportunity to get closer to the Shah and convince him to send him back to Kandahar. Once there, he strategically befriended Gurgin Khan and eventually murdered him, leading to a series of revolts in the region.

The Safavids, at that time being strongly in favor of Shia Islam, heavily oppressed the Sunni Pashtuns in what is now Afghanistan. Making use of the opportunity provided by the Safavid decline, the Pashtuns led by Mir Wais Hotak had rebelled against the Persian overlordship. A series of ensuing punitive campaigns sent by the Safavid government were defeated. However, Mir Wais Hotak was captured and imprisonned. He eventually died in 1709, and soon after his death, his son Mahmud Hotak took over his battle and led the Pashtun army to the capital of the empire Isfahan in 1722.

Siege
Isfahan was besieged by the Afghan forces led by Shah Mahmud Hotaki after their decisive victory over the Safavid army at the battle of Gulnabad, close to Isfahan, on 8 March 1722. While the exact number of soldiers who fought in this battle is unclear, estimations claim Mahmud Hotak had about 18,000 troops, while the Persian army counted around 40,000. After the battle, the Safavid forces fell back in disarray to Isfahan. This defeat would eventually cause the end of the Safavid empire, as Afghan troops approached the capital. The Afghans lacked artillery to breach the city walls and blockaded Isfahan in order to bend Shah Sultan Husayn Safavi, and the city's defenders into surrender. Ill-organized Safavid efforts to relieve the siege failed and the shah's disillusioned Georgian vassal, Vakhtang VI of Kartli, refused to come to the Safavid aid. Shah Husayn's son, Tahmasp, and some 600 soldiers fled their way out of the city in order to release a relief army. However, after 8 months the famine soon prevailed and the shah capitulated on 23 October, abdicating in favor of Mahmud, who triumphantly entered the city on 25 October 1722. The Afghans would remain in Persia until 1729.