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CDI-4 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION Presented by : Arvie Mendoza

ROADS AND VEHICLE HISTORY •I. WHEELS •Was invented probably in Western Asia •One of man’s greatest intentions •It began to appear in Tigris-Euphrates Valley.

•Wheel- invented probably Western Asia. Archeologists found that wheel was invented in Southwest Asia and Mesopotamia. •Ljublana marshes wooden wheel- is the oldest wheel ever found in Europe or anywhere in the world

Cretan stone roads •Constructed of layers of stone, the roadway took account of the necessity of drainage by a crown throughout its length and even gutters along certain sections. Background

The Roman Roads • The greatest systematic road builders of the ancient world were the Romans, who were very conscious of the military, economic, and administrative advantages of a good road system.

CANALS • Body of water used to be channel of sea transportation. • Canals are efficient forms of transportation, they still play a vital role as conduits for transportation and fostering global commerce.

RAILWAYS • Channel of transportation wherein parallel lines of irons were used as roads (TRACKS) • The first passenger railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened in 1825 HORSE-DRAWN CARRIAGE • A kalesa or calesa is a two- wheeled horse-drawn carriage used in the Philippines. It is commonly vividly painted and decorated. It was a primary mode of public and private transportation durin g the Spanish colonial era of the Philippines TRANSPORTATION VS. TRAFFIC •Transportation is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one location to another. • Traffic is the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion system or animal drawn from one place to another for the purpose of safe travel.

ETYMOLOGY OF TRAFFIC •Originally Meant “Trade” • Italian Word “Trafficare”-to Carry On Trade • Originates From Greco-roman Word “Trafico” -With Reference To The Movement Of People •• Greek Originally Called The System As “Trafiga

TRAFFIC •It refers to the movement of persons, goods or vehicles, either powered by combustion system or animal drawn from one place to another for the purpose of safe travel.

Traffic Management • An executive function such as planning, organizing, directing, supervising, coordinating, operating, recording, and budgeting traffic affairs • Refers to the activities undertaken by a highway transportation agency to improve roadway system safety, efficiency, and effectiveness for both providers and consumers of transportation services.

Roadway •It refers to that part of the traffic way over which motor vehicles pass. •Shoulder -It refers to the either side of the roadway, especially along highways. • Sidewalk -It is an integral part of the roadway, the answer to the safety of pedestrians

ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS • FEEDER ROAD – intended to farm-to-market roads • Collectors are major and minor roads -that connect local roads and streets with arterials. • LOCAL COLLECTOR ROAD – intended to connect traffic from feeder road to municipal road • MAJOR COLLECTOR ROAD – intended as major arteries to collect inter-locality traffic to provincial road • MAJOR HIGHWAYS – Serves as main artery that caters on big volumes of vehicular traffic on national roadways.

•National roads form parts of the main trunk-line (transportation) system continuous in extent; roads which are now declared national roads except those not forming parts of the continuous system, such as roads leading to national airports, seaports and parks, etc., •Provincial roads- those connecting one municipality to another ; are those connecting cities and municipalities

•City roads- those roads/streets within urban area of the city to be designated by Sangguiniang Panglungsod. •Municipal roads- those roads /streets within the poblacion area of municipality •Barangay roads - all other local roads within a barangay, rural roads which act as feeder road or farm to market road.

•EXPRESSWAY – a through traffic for free-flow of vehicular movement, Common English terms are ”freeway, motorway” •TUNNEL ROAD – passage of wide section cut through hill to shorten circuitous roadway •SUBWAY/UNDERPASS – an underground conduit running entirely under the ground for fast travel route of commuters •SKYWAY – a modern urban system of roadway above street level for free-flow traffic

TRAFFIC ENGINEERING - ROAD CLASSIFICATIONS • ACCORDING TO POLITICAL SUBDIVISION: • A. NATIONAL ROADS – the main road as a conduit system with a right of way from 20 meters to 120 meters. • B. PROVINCIAL ROADS – the linkages between to municipalities with the right of way from 15 meters to 60 meters • C. CITY ROADS – the inter-link between municipalities and within city proper with right of way of 15 meters • D. MUNICIPAL ROADS – all roads within the town proper with the right of way of not less than 10 meters

CLASSIFICATIONS OF INTERSECTIONS ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC CONTROL •1. CONTROLLED INTERSECTION –CONTROLLED BY ANY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES a. Yield-controlled intersection b. Stop-controlled intersection c. Traffic circle

•2. UNCONTROLLED INTERSECTION – IT HAS NO TRAFFIC SIGNALS OR TRAFFIC SIGNS. •BOX JUNCTION – generally prohibits entry unless the exit is clear. •CLOVERLEAF - a highway interchange at which two highways, one crossing over the other, have a series of entrance and exit ramps resembling the outline of a four-leaf clover and enabling vehicles to proceed in either direction on either highway.

MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION • 1. Physical Inadequacy- characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges, railroad crossing, lack of traffic facilities and etc. • 2. Poor Control Measures- characterized by ineffective mechanical control devices inefficient traffic officers and poor implementation of traffic laws rules and regulations. • 3. Human Errors- many traffic congestions are caused by slow drivers or poor driving habits, pedestrian mistakes officers errors, poor planning, poor legislation and traffic accidents which are mostly attributed to human errors. • 4. Poor Maintenance- oftentimes motor vehicles are stalled in traffic ways because of unrepaired diggings, cracks on road pavement or unfinished road pavement concreting.

SPECIFIC TRAFFIC PROBLEMS • 1. TRAFFIC BUILD-UP - gradual increasing of traffic users in a given portion of the highway or traffic way. • 2. TRAFFIC CONGESTION – characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. • 3. TRAFFIC JAMS (snarl-up) – movement of traffic users is very slow or stationary. • 4. BOTTLENECKS – narrow points or areas in highways where traffic congestions or traffic jams usually occur or traffic may be held up.

•5. GRIDLOCKS – severe road congestion arising when continuous queues of vehicles block an entire network of intersecting streets bringing traffic in all directions to complete standstill. •6. ACCIDENTS – may cause unintentional damage to property, loss of limbs, or death •7. COLLISIONS – incidents or instances of one moving traffic unit or person striking violently against anothe Traffic Congestion •A more general term that describes the slow movement of traffic due to high volume, limited capacity, or other factors that cause delays and interruptions in the flow of vehicles

Traffic Jam •Usually refers to a complete standstill of traffic, where vehicles are unable to move forward at all due to heavy traffic volume, an accident, or road closures.

Gridlocks •State of severe road congestion arising when continuous queues of vehicles block an entire network of intersecting streets, bringing traffic blockages are usually caused interlocking of intersecting grids TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT •It is the application of the processes and skills in planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating and budgeting to traffic affairs.

FIVE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (5E’s of Traffic Management) •GENERAL PILLARS •EDUCATION •ENFORCEMENT •ENGINEERING SUBSIDIARY PILLARS ECOLOGY/ENVIRONMENT ECONOMY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

TRAFFIC ENGINEERING •It is the science of measuring traffic and travel. •It is the study of the basic laws relative to traffic law and regulations. •It is the application of this knowledge to the professional practice of planning, deciding and operating traffic system to achieve safe and efficient transportation of persons and goods.

•Asphalt is generally cheaper and quicker to install, making it a popular choice for smaller projects or those with a tight budget. •However, Concrete has a longer lifespan and requires less maintenance, making it a better choice for larger projects or those with heavy traffic AGENCIES CONCERNED •1. DPWH - responsible for determining traffic law, pattern, draw, origin, and destinations, studies of persons and things, planning, approving, funding and construction of national roads •2. Provincial Government •3. Municipal Government •4. Chartered Cities Traffic Signs •A device mounted or on a portable symbols, officially erected or installed for the purpose of regulating, warning or controlling traffic. CATEGORIES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS •1. Caution Signs •2. Guide Signs •3. Regulatory Signs DANGER WARNING SIGNS (Caution Signs) •These signs are intended to warn road users of a danger that lies ahead and of its nature. •To be more ATTENTIVE and are prepared for such road conditions REGULATORY SIGNS •These are round shape signs (except Stop and Yield sign) intended to warn road users of special obligations, restrictions or prohibitions with which they must comply. They are subdivided into Informative Signs (Guide or Direction Signs) These rectangular shape signs (white-colored on blue background for informative and green background for route markers and destination signs) are intended to guide road users while traveling.

TRAFFIC LIGHTS • These refer to any power operated traffic control device by which traffic is warned or directed to take some specific actions. (COLOR ORDER FROM TOP) • RED- • YELLOW (AMBER)- • GREEN

Steady RED •a. STOP •b. Vehicles will be crossing from the other side •c. Expect pedestrians to cross •Flashing Red: proceed when clear Steady Green: •a. GO •b. Expect vehicles on the other lane stop.

Steady Yellow: •a. Prepare to STOP or GO •b. It is the same as yield.