User:Joshua Williams/sandbox/Piaget & Vygotsky

Educational Psychology

Educational psychology studies children in an educational setting and is concerned with teaching, learning methods, and cognitive development. Usually good teachers mold students to be good students because they have an impact in the classroom. The students are actually learning and comprehending what the teacher is teachings. A teacher's self efficacy shows in her performance or effort in teaching the class. Self efficacy is the belief that he or she can reach difficult students to get them to learn. There are many theories that teachers have to undersatnd in order to be a good teacher.

Piaget & Vygotsky

Jean Piaget offers a theory for cognitive development. Piaget believes that maturation and development have a connection. Piaget believes that physical interaction helps best develop cognitive. As we mature we gain cognitive development.

Vygotsky offers a theory of social development. Vygotsky believes that social interaction helps best develop cognitive.

Erikson

Erikson offers a theory showing how one finds them self over time. A question that makes one ask "who am I?" Identity and self concept helps one figure out who they are. Erikson theory of physcosocial development consist of 8 stages in which an individual should go through from infancy to adulthood. Erikson's stage theory characterizes an individual advancing through the eight life stages.

Bronfenbrenner

Bronfenbrenner has came up with systems to show how the things involved in your life influence your behaviors, beliefs, and knowledge. This system divides the environment into 5 different levels. The microsystem is the most influential, it has the closest relationship to the person. It involves the immediate enviroment surrounding an individual. The mesosystem consists of interactions between a person's microsystems. The exosystem is the interaction between multiple environments. The macrosystem includes cultural beliefs and customs. Lastly, the chronosystem is the the nature of development between the individual and the enviroment.

Kohlberg

Kohlberg has created a theory of mind. This is connected to respect because it is about understanding others. the theory is having an understanding that others have feelings, thoughts, beliefs, and desires. Kohlberg has three stages of moral development. The first stage is preconventional morality which is a stage where rules are strictly enforced and you are obedient.The conventional level is a stage where an individual is very nice and values relationships. Authorities must be obeyed. Finally, the postconventional level is a stage where you make your own choices based off of if you agree or if something meets your expectations.

Behaviorism

Behaviorism proves that different interactions make people act or respond to things a certain way. Behaviorist believe that learning is an experience that will change your knowledge forever. There is 4 types of consequences that can be enforced which are the positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.

Learning Styles/Intelligence

The correlation between learning styles and intelligence is the way you learn will effect the knowledge that you gain. The definition of intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. Comprehension is important when it comes to gaining intelligence because you have to know what your being taught. If the way your being taught doesn't mesh with the way you learn you may not comprehend. Multiple intelligence is the ability to acquire knowledge that differentiates instead of seeing intelligence as one general ability. Jung's theory of the four cognitive functions (thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition) explains how people interpret intelligence. The way people absorb knowledge.

Classroom Environments & Cultural Proficiency

Classrooms are challenging because of the different aspects that makes it environment. These different aspects are things like rules, the pace of the class, the different cultures in the class, and the unpredictable activities that may go on. The calculation of academic learning time should be considered by the teacher. This is because students aren't actually learning the whole entire class period. Due to daily routine in classroom, side conversations, etc... So how much time are the students actually learning? Classroom management plus student self-management would equal the time spent successfully engaging in learning. Student engagement is difficult especially when the classroom is culturally diverse. In order for teachers to be able to get their students to engage they have to be culturally competent. Culturally competent teachers study students as individuals instead of making assumptions based off of their race or background. Many teachers have a single story about their students which is judging them based off of your knowledge of where they come from. Considering culture while creating curriculums and lesson plans is important. Classrooms have to be culturally relevant in order for students to be able to engage and learn.

Information Processing

The information processing system consist of 3 types of memory; sensory, working, and long-term memory. Sensory memory deals with perception and how much attention we pay something. Things that we smell, hear, see, feel, etc... is processed through our sensory memory. We dont pay much attention to these things so we might not remember them. For example, like seeing a billboard in our perifial vision or remembering someone tapped us on the shoulder. How we process and temporaily store information would be our working memory. Activation or encoding is the process of focusing on the information that you want to retain. We process information by using methods like chunking and rehersing.Our cognitive load helps and interfers with our ability to learn. Our intrinsic load is the effort put into the way information is presented to us and our germane load is the work put into permanently knowing something which helps us. Then, there is the extraneous load which provides distraction and poor structures which interfers with learning. This contributes to the act of forgetting which is lost of information due to interference when trying to learn. Our long-term memory holds information that is well learned, or things that we know fluently. The capactity of information we are able to remember long-term is unlimited and the duration is permanent. We put information through a process where we can store it and recall. We elaborate and connect to the info, we organize it to make it easier to remember, and we use imagery or visuals to get a better understanding. We also, go into context about the physical and emotional aspect of the info, we make sense out of what we've learned and mnemonics which assist the information.

Bandura & Motivation

Bandura's social cognitive theory explains how social interactions, experiences and media is influencial to the knowledge a student would be motivated to learn about. People observe others behaviors and the consequences they recieve and use that information to guide their own furute behaviors. Most of the time people don't learn new behaviors through trial and error but the observation of others behaviors they may admire or despise. Observational learning requires attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. The cognitive aspect of the theory shows how people think, believe, self regulate,and judge based off of others actions. The experiment with the Bobo doll is good way to express Bandura's theory. Children are recorded in a room with a Bobo doll and they start to attcak it because thats what they've seen others do on tv and things of that sort. There are 3 reciprocal influences that play a part in the actions we make. Social influences which are enviromental variables, self influences which are personal variables, and achievement outcomes which are behaviors. These thing motivate people to achieve what they want to achieve. There is 2 type of motivation which are intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrisic motivation is the self- desire to seek new things and challeges to observe and gain knowledge. Extrinsic motivation is the observation of an outome of an activity which builds desire and influences you. Extrinsic motivators come from outside of the individual.