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Probabilistic inference
Probabilistic Inference uses probabilistic models that describe the problem in terms of probability theory and probability distributions. The research article, The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and Probabilistic Inference: Evidence from the Domain of Color seeks to clarify the argument through the lens of probabilistic inference. The probabilistic model is a conjunction of boht a universal color space and a language-specific categorical organization of that space. This approach realizes that color cognition involves an interaction between these two tiers. There are incursions of linguistic categorization into nonlinguistic processes of thinking, and taking the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis does not necessarily entail a complete rejection of the universal components of human cognition. The probabilistic model is useful because many findings to support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis do not replicate reliably. Framing the issue in terms of probabilistic inference addresses this issue by highlighting the role of uncertainty.

Nonlinguistic influences on color memory
It is unlikely that linguistic factors are the sole component to differences in color perception across cultures. The culture differences in color naming and color perception can be extended to nonlinguistic factors. Color in the environment determines the language individuals of that group use in colloquial conversation. Thus, the communicability scores of color categories depends partly on the language, amd even more so on the salient objects in the environment. In other words, for colors to be differentiated, they have to be already readily available in the individual or cultural group's environment.

Color significance across cultures
The significance of colors differs widely from culture to culture, which in turn effects the perception of different color hues between different nation states. Cultures assign different meanings to colors due to religious influences and social beliefs. Differences in color categorization between languages are caused by differences in the overall usefulness of color to a culture or language group. Different areas of the world can differ widely in environment and the colors readily available in that environment. These environmental differences can also have an influence on color naming. The saliency and use of objects in a culture provides direct contribution to the color significance and color naming in that culture.

Red


 * India: A married woman can be identified by a red henna on her hands and sindoor worn along her hairline.
 * South Africa: The red section of the South African flag symbolizes violence and sacrifices that were made during the struggle for independence.
 * Thailand: Red is the color for Sundays and is linked with Surya, the solar god.
 * China: Red is worn during New Years and wedding celebration.

Yellow


 * France: In the 10th century, the French painted the doors of traitors and criminals yellow.
 * China: "Yellow picture" or "yellow book" is used to discuss publication or media related to pornographic images and websites.
 * Africa: Yellow is reserved for people of high rank because of it's resemblance to the color of gold.
 * Egyptians: Used yellow to paint mummies and tombs before the deceased where sent to the afterlife.
 * Japan: Yellow represents bravery, wealth, and refinement since the War of the Dynasties in 1357.

Blue


 * Western Culture: The feeling of melancholy is typically referred to as having "the blues"
 * United States: Many American banks such as Citi and Bank of America use blue for their logo to symbolize trust, security and authority.
 * Middle East: Blue signifies safety and protection, and it is a symbol of heaven, spirituality and immortality.
 * Latin America: Virgin Mary is often depicted wearing a blue robe and headscarf.
 * Hinduism: The color of Krishna, the most highly worshipped Hindu god who embodies love and joy.