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Cranberry has been studied for its effectiveness in prevention of urinary tract infection (UTI). The proposed mechanism of action is to prevent adhesion of E.Coli to the urinary tract epithelial cells. Some preliminary studies demonstrates the effectiveness of cranberry juice and supplements in UTI prophylaxis while others indicate there is no clear benefits of cranberry use in UTI. The lack of evidence could be attributed but not limited to poor testing methodologies, unclear dosing and guidelines, different patient populations and controversial debate regarding the active flavonoid ingredient. Cranberry is not recommended for treatment against UTI, but it is a considerable adjunct or non-antibiotic alternative in term of cost and antibiotic resistance.

Health Safety and Concern
The use of safety standards and proper protocols is still limited and requires further development. The use of hospital standards of sterilization and personal protective equipment is recommended to prevent contamination of infectious pathogens. Although no cases of bloodborne pathogens have been reported, the risk of transmission of blood cells and fluids cannot be ruled out. Protective measurements against infectious agents that are recommended include single use of disposable devices, sterilization of re-used equipment and glove use. Lubricants should be poured out into cups and they are to be disposed after each use. Devices that cannot be adequately sterilized such as horn and bone are not recommended. There was a case report of acute epiglottitis due to Gua Sha treatment on the neck for throat pain. The continuous applied pressure from Gua Sha could have damaged the underlying soft tissue, resulting in acute swelling and difficulty breathing.