User:Junglenut/Castanospermum australe

Castanospermum is a monotypic genus in the legume family Fabaceae. The sole species is Castanospermum australe, commonly known as blackbean or Moreton Bay chestnut,which is a rainforest tree native to the east coast of Australia and the Pacific islands of Vanuatu and New Caledonia. The large starchy seeds were a staple food source for Indigenous Australians. It has been widely used as a street and park tree, and can also be grown as an indoor potted plant.

Description
The blackbean is a large evergreen tree growing to 40 m tall, though commonly much smaller. The leaves are 15 cm long and 6 - 7 cm broad, pinnate, with 11-15 leaflets. The flowers are bicoloured red and yellow, 3 - 4 cm long, produced in racemes 6 cm long. The fruit is a cylindrical pod 12 - 20 cm long and 4 - 6 cm diameter, the interior divided by a spongy substance into one to five cells, each of which contains a large chestnut-like seed.

Taxonomy
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Etymology
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Vernacular names
The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia' records the common names of Castanospermum australe as "Moreton Bay Chestnut" and "Bean tree" and notes that it was called "Irtalie" by Aboriginal people of the Richmond and Clarence Rivers (New South Wales) and "Bogum" by "others of Northern New South Wales". Other names used by Indigenous Australians are baway in the Guugu Yalandji language, yiwurra in the Djabugay language, junggurraa in the Yidiny language, mirrayn, ganyjuu, and binyjaalga in the Kumbainggar language.

Distribution and habitat
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Spread
Due to its significance as a food for Aboriginal people, blackbean trees were spread by hand into mountain areas on the east coast of Australia. All the trees in New South Wales are descended from a single seed. The plant naturally spreads by water. It has been introduced to India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, South Africa and the United States of America.

Chemicals
In 1981, castanospermine was isolated from the seeds. Members of this and closely related genera accumulate iminosugars in their leaves.

Cultural significance
Due to its importance as a food, the blackbean tree was a seasonal gathering point for Aboriginal peoples, and this acted as a catalyst for ceremonies. Songlines featuring the black bean seeds have been collected. The bark fibre has been used for fish and animal traps, nets and baskets, and the empty seed pods have been used as toy boats. Additionally, the tree has been used as a seasonal signal for when to hunt jungle fowl.

Food
The unprocessed seeds are poisonous since they contain toxic saponins, and can cause vomiting and diarrhoea, but they become edible when carefully prepared by roasting, cutting up into small pieces, leaching with running water for several days, and pounding into flour and roasting it as a damper. The seeds have been prepared and eaten for at least 2,500 years. The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia' notes and describes this use of the beans. As of 2012, the food was not used in modern bush tucker, and there was no nutritional information available on the seeds.

Ornamental use
The trees are popular as potted plants in Asia, Europe and America. In addition, they have been used as shade trees in landscaping for parks.

Wood
The wood was used by Aboriginal people for spear throwers. The timber, which somewhat resembles walnut, is soft, fine-grained, and takes a good polish, and the wood has a durability rating above-ground of over 40 years longevity.