User:JustJennyLou/Sinistrofulgur sinistrum

Geographic Range/Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the North Atlantic Ocean. They can also be found in shallow bays along the Texas Gulf Coast. It has been spotted along the Coastline from Florida to South Carolina and parts of North Carolina as well. Lightning Whelk are more frequent on the West coast of Florida than the East coast and due to their difference in location, they are unable to interact or reproduce with one another, which causes morphological difference between the two.. Major mound sites for Lightning Whelk shells in the United States can be found at Moundville Alabama, Etowah Georgia, Spiro Oklahoma, and other areas. They prefer sandy and muddy sea floors along shallow bays, seeking sunlight.

Ecology Addition
There are few predators noted for the lightening whelk. But, one noted predator was the box crab Calappa flammea. This species was noted as being a predator for the lightning whelk. The lightning whelk, does not possess many predators due to its large size and the density of their shell. But,the lightning whelk is a predatory gastropod that feeds primarily on bivalve mollusks, such as clams, oysters, and mussels. One of it’s main prey are the Mercenaria mercenaria is commonly known as the hard clam. This gastropod is closely related to Sinistrofulgur sinistrum which has been studied to see if this why, these organisms have the predator-prey relationship. There is research being conducted to confirm if the evolution of Sinistrofulgur sinistrum  is due to trying keep up with it’s own dietary needs with the Mercenaria mercenaria.

Reproduction
Sinistrofulgur sinistrum reproduce sexually, males will deposit a sperm packet on the bottom of the foot and once the. female is fertilized the females will lay eggs inside of a protective capsule that is attached to each other by an egg-case string. Each one can have as many as 175 egg capsules contaning 20 to 100 eggs per capsule. The eggs-case string is attaches to the mud or sand by the mother, Once they hatch the juveniles will exit through a capsule port in the egg capsule. Because they are carnivores through out their entire lives, the juvenile S. sinistrum they will feed on the eggs that did not after they hatch but before exiting the capsule port.

Economic Importance
The lightning whelk: An enduring icon of southeastern North American spirituality.

The early periods, around 3000 BC, marked the use of lightning whelk shells as ceremonial objects in the Southeast regions, encompassing the Gulf of Mexico and the lower Atlantic Coast. These shells held economic significance for coastal communities due to their spirality. They were utilized by Native Americans in ritualistic practices and architectural endeavors.

In Native American rituals, the spirals of the lightning whelk were associated with celestial elements such as the sun and fire, as well as purification rituals. Although not directly involved in the making of the “black drink” consumed before battles or important events, lightning whelk shells were used to store the beverage when necessary. Fire was revered as a representation of the sun on earth, and the circular direction of the marine shell symbolized the dances performed by the Native Americans. Clockwise dances mirrored the sun’s perilous path toward death, while counterclockwise dances symbolized life and allowed for healing rituals and women’s dances. Creek medicine men would start blessing or doctoring a house from the north and proceed in the counterclockwise direction around its perimeter. Architecturally, lighting whelk shells were incorporated into cups and ceramic vessels. Cups were specifically designed for the consumption of the “black drink”, central to ritualistic practices. Ceramic vessels often imitated lightning whelk cups and depicted the apical structures of natural shells.

Overall, the use of lightning whelk shells in both ritualistic and architectural contexts underscores their profound cultural importance to Native American communities during this early period, serving as tangible expressions of spiritual beliefs and societal customs.