User:Justice Junky/Opioid epidemic in the United States/Bibliography

Banks, D.E., Duello, A., Paschke, M.E., Grigsby, S.R., & Winograd, R.P. (2023). Identifying drivers of increasing opioid overdose deaths among black individuals: A qualitative model drawing on experience of peers and community health workers. Harm Reduction Journal, 20(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-023-00734-9

Dr. Banks and her colleagues conducted qualitative research using focus groups to investigate factors that cause opioid overdose deaths among Black Americans. The focus groups were comprised of stakeholders who provide substance use prevention services in Black communities. Dr. Banks and colleagues found that systemic racism and a lack of basic safety, security, stability, and survival are fundamental factors of opioid overdose deaths within Black communities.

DiNardi, M., Swann, W.L., & Kim, S.Y. (2022). Racial/ethnic residential segregation and the availability of opioid and substance use treatment facilities in US counties, 2009-2019. SSM – Population Health, 20, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101289

Dr. DiNardi and his colleagues gathered data from multiple sources including the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services and the American Community Surveys. This research was used to investigate the relationship between racial/ethnic residential segregation and the availability of substance use treatment facilities. The study discovered that there was a negative correlation between the availability of substance use treatment facilities and higher degrees of racial/ethnic segregation.

Draus, P., Roddy, J., & Greenwald, M. (2012). Heroin mismatch in the Motor City: Addiction, segregation, and the geography of opportunity. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 11(2), 149-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2012.675246

Dr. Draus and his colleagues used a combination of quantitative data (economic inventories), qualitative data (ethnographic interviews), and secondary data analysis to research the economic patterns and behaviors of heroin users in Detroit. The authors found that geographic and social factors established by segregation within Detroit have led to advantages for White Americans. The disadvantage that they identified is that heroin is more accessible to African Americans and less accessible to White Americans.

Engel, R.S., Smith, M.R., & Cullen, F.T. (2012). Race, place, and drug enforcement: Reconsidering the impact of citizen complaints and crime rates on drug arrests. Criminology & Public Policy, 11(4), 603-635. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2012.00841.x

Dr. Engel and her colleagues used drug arrests, drug-related calls for service, and reported crime data provided by the Seatle Police Department to investigate whether there are racial and ethnic disparities in drug arrests in Seattle. The study found that drug arrests can be partially explained by both citizen complaints and crime rate and the researchers argued that drug arrest disparities are more structural and less related to individual police bias.

Furr, D., Milam, A.J., Wang, L., & Sadler, R. (2021). African Americans now outpace whites in opioid-involved overdose deaths: A comparison of temporal trends from 1999 to 2018. Addiction, 116(3), 677-683. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15233

Furr-Holden and colleagues analyzed relative, annual, and average annual percent change in opioid overdose deaths using data obtained from the CDC Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research. The study's findings show that opioid overdose death rates have changed over time in relation to white Americans and African Americans, with African Americans seeing a higher increase in rates during the opioid epidemic's later waves. These results demonstrate how the opioid epidemic is evolving and how it disproportionately affects certain racial groups.

Hansen, H.B., Siegel, C.E., Case, B.G., Bertollo, D.N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M. (2013). Variation in use of buprenorphine and methadone treatment by racial, ethnic, and income characteristics of residential social areas in New York City. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 40(3), 367-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3

Dr. Hansen and her colleagues conducted a study using secondary analysis of buprenorphine use data, methadone use data, and socioeconomic and demographic data from various reliable outside sources. The authors of this study found that demographic and socioeconomic factors impact the distribution of methadone and buprenorphine treatment in New York City. Specifically, methadone is more common in low-income areas with higher populations of Black and Hispanic people, while buprenorphine is more concentrated in affluent and predominantly White areas.

Jones, A., Santos, A., Perez, A., Latkin, C., Shoptaw, S., & El, N. (2023). Age-specific disparities in fatal drug overdoses highest among older black adults and American Indian/Alaska native individuals of all ages in the United States, 2015-2020. International Journal of Drug Policy, 114, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.103977

The study identified disparities in drug overdose mortality rates across racial/ethnic and age groups. Jones’ study highlighted a need for intervention to address disparities primarily among older Black men and American Indians of all age groups.

Mende, P., Goharzad, A., Tuerxuntuoheti, A., Reyes, P.G.M., Lin, J., & Drain, A. (2022). Assessing the speed and spontaneity of racial bias in pain perception. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 101, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104315

The findings of this study highlight the rapid and automatic nature of racial bias in pain perception and the implications of this bias for clinical settings and disparities in healthcare.

Paradies, Y., Truong, M., & Priest, N. (2014). A systematic review of the extent and measurement of healthcare provider racism. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(2), 364-387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-013-2583-1

Dr. Paradies and his colleagues conducted secondary research analysis using studies from reputable databases. The collected data to investigate the existence and frequency of racism among healthcare providers.

Rushovich, T., Arwady, A.M., Salisbury, E., Arunkumar, P. Aks, S., & Prachand, N. (2022). Opioid-related overdose deaths by race and neighborhood economic hardship in Chicago. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 21(1), 22-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2019.1704335

The study reveals a concerning increase in opioid-related overdose deaths in Chicago, particularly driven by illicit opioids like fentanyl. It underscores significant disparities in these overdose rates based on demographic factors, with notable differences in rates among racial and ethnic groups and neighborhoods with varying levels of economic hardship.