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2. Maxwell

In Maxwell's paper, "On Physical Lines of Force" (1861), Maxwell describes an electric current displacement, formed in a dielectric, that is situated between the plates of a varying capacitor.

"The effect of this action on the dielectric mass is to produce a general displacement of the electricity in a certain direction. This displacement does not amount to a current, because when it has attained a certain value it remains constant, but it is the commencement of a current, and its variations constitute currents in the positive or negative direction, according as the displacement is increasing or diminishing. The amount of the displacement depends on the nature of the body, and on the electromotive force; so that if h is the displacement, R the electromotive force, and E a coefficient depending of the nature of the dielectric,

R = - 4π E2 h,........................2

and if r is the value of the electric current due to displacement,

r = dh/dt"..................................3

(Maxwell, Part III). A dielectric that is between the plates of a varying capacitor forms Maxwell's electric current displacement (equ 3).

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In Maxwell's paper, "Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" (1864), Maxwell's describes an electromagnetic theory of light based on Faraday-Henry induction effect.

"ON ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION" (Maxwell, Part II).

"If, therefore, the phenomena described by Faraday in the Ninth Series of his Experimental Researches were the only known facts about electric currents, the laws of Ampere relating to the attraction of conductors carrying currents as well as those of Faraday about the mutual induction of currents, might be deduced by mechanical reasoning." (Maxwell, Part II).

"ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF LIGHT" (Maxwell, Part VI).

"We then examine electromagnetic phenomena, seeking for their explanation in the properties of the field which surrounds the electrified or magnetic bodies." (Maxwell, Part VI).

Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light is based on Faraday-Henry induction experiment that is not luminous; consequently, Hertz's attempts to structurally unite light with induction, using a spark gap experiment, that emits light and the radio induction effect, but Hertz's spark gap emits electrons.

"To receive or detect these oscillations, Hertz used a small loop of wire with the ends not touching. By changing the distance between the spheres, Hertz tuned the generator (or transmitter) until its frequency exactly equaled the natural frequency of the receiving loop. When he did this, he found that a spark jumped across the ends of his receiving loop whenever his transmitting oscillator was operating. With these simple devices, which were the precursors of our modern radio transmitters and radio receivers, Hertz demonstrated that the electromagnetic waves he generated were qualitatively the same as light. One of his most serious concerns was to show that his electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum at the same speed as light, and when he did this, he was completely convinced that Maxwell's electromagnetic waves and light are identical. When he reproduced such phenomena as reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference, his work was taken as the definitive experimental proof of Maxwell's theory." (Motz and Weaver, Chapter 15).

In addition, Planck uses the blackbody radiation effect to support Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light (Planck, Intro) but Planck's blackbody also emits electrons. A spark gap, blackbody, light bulb and LED emit electrons yet Faraday-Henry induction experiment is not an ionization effect.