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Prolog (brief history)
• Body of this article covers complete history of U.S. Navy submarine S-192 (Squalus), from conception, design, contracting, construction (L-boat), commissioning, sea trials, recovery, salvage, renawming, recommissioning. • History begins with end of WWI, reparations, Germany's Pacific colonies assigned to Japan, U.S. vs. German submarines, 1921 agreement on warships. • History continues with date and details of BuShips approval of the  class, type, and hull number [192] of a proposed new submarine. • Bidding on build contract, BuShips acceptance of a builder. • Proposed designer, builder, shipyard, type of design and other details of the proposed contract briefly described. list BuShips requirement re: build location and other details. • Lists the officers and men of Navy hull number S11/S-192 who were assigned to the Squalus; date of arrival and stage of construction, arrivals/replacements after its commissioning, during its construction, and its builder's sea trials; ancillary duties of crewmembers during construction of S11/S-192. • Lists crewmember's  rank or rating at the time of sinking, and other personnel involved in the sinking and recovery of hull 192; list "last ship/last station" of arriving crewmwmbers. • Crewmember meals and housing during construction; 'liberty' [def.] hours and other off-duty activities, and etc.  •  Detailed process of early history of hull [192] and the Sargo class submarines, class design and date of BuShips approval, hull 192 launched, commissioned, decomissioned, • Hull 192 salvaged, restored, then recommissioned and unofficially renamed by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt [former Secretary of the Navy] as the Squalus. • From that date onward the history of hull 192 as Squalus ends. • Appendices: Tables listing builders sea trials, the names of the officers and men who were lost, those who survived, and the name of their last ship or duty station.

Department of the Navy Requests for Funding
refs: Federal Register (1934-35??). Naval Archives and History. And others as applicable. Funding Request(s) [by Navy Department ??] and Congressional approval for Sargo class submarines. Congressional approval. U.S. Navy orders placed for Sargoclass submarines. '''Design details, construction contract placed by BuShips with USNS Portsmouth. ['placed' or 'assigned to' --??]'''

Construction
'Plans provided by [Navy or who??''] Construction approved for U.S. Navy hull number 192, named Squalus Construction commences Keel laid

Construction features topside
Conning tower Deck cannon Torpedo loading hatches Escape hatches Diesel engines air induction valves

Construction features below
Forward torpedo room, crew bunks Galley, crew bunks Mess hall Officers quarters Captain Executive officer/navigator (others) Control room Engine room, crew bunks Battery compartment, crew bunks Aft torpedo room, crew bunks

Launching and Commissioning
List of Officers (rank (class), assignment, experience) List of crewembers (rate, assignment, experience) List of supernumaries [two builder's reps aboard on Dive 18]

Sea Trials
• Sea Trial 18  [includes failed "crash dive" test]. • Sea Trial 19  [includes successful "crash dive" test and then flooding of aft torpedo and engine rooms]. • [fn.] Report from two similar Squalus-type submarines (S1 and S2): • S1: reported main induction valve failure to completely close. Submarine was able to surface immediately when flooding observed. • S2: reported main induction valve failed to close on the surface while preparing to submerge, returned to shipyard for repair. • Squalus main induction valve complete rebuild in shipyard just before  test [number?] in builder's trials. • Reported "all green" [all openings to the sea closed]. • Unexpected flooding in aft torpedo room and engine room, including battery compartment. [''fn. cause and previous like incidents'']. • Lt. Naquin's immediate maneuvering commands, timing between commands, 192's response timing, and the effect of the response [show time table??].

On the Bottom
Lt. Naquin's orders to crew when Squalus settled on ocean floor. Release of Squalus' emergency telephone bouy on hearing engine noise of a ship close by; contact established between Squalus and [S-191]. Release and effect of flare and smoke rockets. Command to limit movement and breathing, doubling up in blankets to keep warm. Two Signalmen assigned to forward torpedo room to alternate tapping Morse code boat's hull to help rescue ships discover Squalus' location on the bottom. Squalus reported overdue; S-191 and other ships alerted; S-191 proceeds to the Squalus' last reported position. Assignment of two Signalman to the the forward buoyancy tank to hammer directly on the hull. Evaluation and dismissal by Lt. Naquinn of crew using the "Momsen Lung" to escape the ship; 36 degree sea water, 240 ft ascent by seamen inexperienced with assent from that level.

USS Sculpin (S-191) locates Squalus
Fruitless search of last reported location of 192, Captain's decision to return to Portsmouth. As 191 turns around and starts to leave search area, Officer facing aft looking for a last look towards the search area sees and reports a red smoke flare on the horizon. 191's Commanding Officer in the freewater (conning tower) orders an about face and return to search area and bright yellow floating buoy with emergency telephone line connect to 192. Very brief connection to 192 before cleated telephone line parts when rising seas cause cleated telephone line to part from emergency buoy. 191 begins grappling to 192. After several attempts, 191's grapple catches on something. Falcon arrives. Helmeted diver in waterproof canvas diving suit from Falcon follows grapple line, finds that the grapple has caught on one of 192's railings. Diving bell hauling cable dropped down to diver, who makes cable "fast" to connector on 192. Rescue of survivors commences.

Arrival of submarine rescue ship USS Falcon (ASR-9)
The McCann submarine rescue device Construction Performance specifications; pros and cons Deployment and rescue

In drydock
Formal decommissioning of Squalus Striking from list of U.S. submarines Removal of remains of crewmember's who did not survive the sinking Inspection of damages to Squalus hull and interior spaces Collection of crew's effects; crewmembers assigned to salvage and restoration of Hull 192 Decision to repair and restore Hull 192 to service: War with Japan inevitable, immediate need for submarines; time advantage in rebuilding/restoring Hull 192 Decision on whether or not to rename Hull 192 or retain the name Squalusa; decision to rename Hull 192 as Sailfish

Commissioning of renamed Hull 192 to Sailfish (S-192)
• New name suggested by President Roosevelt's remark that during Squalus salvage submarine's behavior resembled a hooked "sailfish".

Aftermath
U.S. Navy Board of Inquiry investigation Squalus'' Memorials Squalus Museum, U.S. Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth, New Hampshire

Appendix A: Officers and crew
Lost

Name--                                   Rank or Rate --                    Last Duty Station --                          Assignment in Squalus

J.H.          Patterson                  Ensign (USNA '35)

Bascom Slemp  Scyphers                   Electricians Mate First Class

John James    Batick	                Electricians Mate First Class

Huie King     McAfee                      Electricians Mate Second Class Robert Lyle   Coffey		         Electricians Mate Second Class

Lionel Hugh   Fletcher                    Electricians Mate Third Class

James Andrew  Aitken	                 Firecontrolman Third Class

Joshua        Casey                       Fireman First Class

John Plesent   Hathaway                   Fireman

Robert Ross    Weld		         Firemans Apprentice

John Allan     Chesnutt                    Chief Machinist Mate Elvin Leo      Deal	                  Machinist Mate Second Class Kenneth Ross   Garrison                    Chief Machinist Mate

Eugene Arthur  Hoffman                     Machinists Mate First Class

Frank Henry    Schulte		          Machinists Mate First Class

Jack John      Strong		          Machinists Mate First Class John Laurise   Thomala                     Machinists Mate First Class

Marion Lawrence Ward	                 Radioman Third Class

Alexander Biggs Leegam                     Signalman John Joseph    Marino		          Special Artificer [note: pre-1948]

Robert Preson  Thompson                    Ships Cook Third Class

Robert Franklin Gibbs                      Torpedoman First Class

Alfred Charles Priester	                  Torpedoman Second Class

Sherman Luther Shirley                     Torpedoman First Class

Donald         Smith		          Civilian, Builder's Representative (General Motors)

Charles M.     Wood		           Civilian, Builder's representative

Survived (table) Name                            Rank or Rate                Last Submarine                           Assignment in Squalus''' Warren Wiley Smith, Junior                 Signalman Second Class            S-37, Cavite P.I             Reported to Squalus in Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. While on the bottom posted to conning tower to hammer on hull to help                                                                                                           locate Squalus, then to communicate with Sculpin and Falcon with Morse-encoded hammer strikes.

Appendix C: Glossary of Naval Terms
Bureau of Ships (BuShips)

boat

fairwater (aka conning tower)

conning tower (see 'fairwater')

control room

torpedo room

oscillator

spaces

bow

stern

aft, abaft, after

fore, forward

topside

below decks, down below, below

overhead, the overhead

sculpin (fish)

squalus (fish)

sailfish (fish)

emergency dive, crash dive

shear

ways (construction)