User:KLMerry/New sandbox

Africa
Morocco: Casablanca is notable for being the home of Clinique de Parc, Dr. Georges Burou's clinic for transgender women. Dr. Burou is considered one of the pioneers of SRS. A French gynecologist, Dr. Burou created the anteriorly pedicled penile skin flap inversion vaginoplasty, still considered the “gold standard” of skin-lined vaginoplasty. He is credited with having performed over 3000 MtF surgeries.

Asia
India: India is offering affordable sex reassignment surgery to a growing number of medical tourists and to the general population.

Iran: The Iranian government's response to homosexuality is to endorse, and fully pay for, sex reassignment surgery. The leader of Iran's Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, issued a fatwa declaring sex reassignment surgery permissible for "diagnosed transsexuals". Eshaghian's documentary, Be Like Others, chronicles a number of stories of Iranian gay men who feel transitioning is the only way to avoid further persecution, jail, or execution. The head of Iran's main transsexual organization, Maryam Khatoon Molkara—who convinced Khomeini to issue the fatwa on transsexuality—confirmed that some people who undergo operations are gay rather than transsexual.

Pakistan: In Pakistan, the Council of Islamic Ideology has ruled that sex re-assignment surgery contravenes Islamic law as construed by the Council. This Pakistani law prevents Hijras from becoming women.

Thailand: Thailand is the country that performs the most sex reassignment surgeries, followed by Iran.

Europe
France: Since 2016, France no longer requires SRS as a condition for a gender change on legal documents. In 2017, a case brought earlier by three transgendered French people was decided. France was found in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights for requiring the forced sterilization of transgender people seeking to change their gender on legal documents.

Malta: As late as 2010, transgender people that have undergone SRS can change their sex on legal documents.

Spain: Despite a resolution from the European Parliament in 1989 suggesting advanced rights for all European Union citizens, as of 2002 only Andalucia's public health system covers sex reassignment surgery. Other states in Spain have not yet added, or like Valencia, refuse to add, this right into their health care systems.

Switzerland: In 2010, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court struck down two laws that limited access to SRS. These included requirements of at least 2 years of psychotherapy before health insurance was obligated to cover the cost of SRS and inability to procreate.

Ukraine: In 2015, the Administrative District Court of Kiev ruled that forced sterilization was unlawful and no longer required for legal gender change.

North America
Canada: Laws regarding legal recognition of gender identity vary from province to province in Canada with most provinces requiring reassignment surgery for a sex change on legal identification.

The United States: Many of the surgeries mentioned in the History section of this article were developed in the United States. Before the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States, there were several notable Supreme Court cases that did not legally recognize individuals who underwent SRS by invalidating marriages of trans people. Today, many states require SRS as a prerequisite for recognition of a legal sex change on official documents such as passports, birth certificates, or IDs.

Mexico: As of a 2014 law, Mexico City no longer requires SRS for changes of sex on birth certificates, and several states have followed suit.

South America
Argentina: In 2012, Argentina began offering government subsidized total or partial SRS to all persons 18 years of age or older. Private insurance companies are prohibited from increasing the cost of SRS for their clients. At the same time, the Argentinian government repealed a law that banned SRS without authorization from a judge. Furthermore, in Argentina one does not need to undergo SRS to be legally recognized as transgender.

Chile: In 2012, a bill was introduced in Chile that stated SRS was no longer a requirement for legal name and sex change. In 2013, Chile's public health plan was required to cover sex reassignment surgery. The cost is subsidized by the government based on a patient's income.

History
The result of early transition surgeries was the removal of hormone-producing organs (such as the gonads and the uterus). Later, as surgical technique becomes more complex, the goal is to produce functional sex organs from sex organs that are already present in the patient.

In the US in 1917, Dr. Alan L. Hart, an American TB specialist, becomes one of the first female-to-male transsexuals to undergo hysterectomy and gonadectomy for the relief of gender dysphoria.[4]

In Berlin in 1931, Dora Richter, became the first known transgender woman to undergo the vaginoplasty[5] surgical approach.

This was followed by Lili Elbe in Dresden during 1930–1931. She started with the removal of her original sex organs, the operation supervised by Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld. Lili went on to have four more subsequent operations that included an orchiectomy, an ovary transplant, a penectomy, and ultimately an unsuccessful uterine transplant the rejection of which resulted in death. An earlier known recipient of this was Magnus Hirschfeld's housekeeper,[6] but their identity is unclear at this time.

All surgeries that Lili Elbe underwent are techniques used today for male-to-female sexual reassignment, and have developed for greater success since the 1930s.

In 1951, Dr. Harold Gillies, a plastic surgeon active in World War II, worked to develop the first technique for female-to-male SRS, producing a technique that has become a modern standard, called phalloplasty. Phalloplasty is a cosmetic procedure that produces a visual penis out of grafted tissue from the patient.

Following phalloplasty, in 1999, the procedure for metoidioplasty was developed for female-to-male surgical transition by Drs. Lebovic and Laub. While considered a variant of phalloplasty, metoidioplasty works to create a penis out of the patient's present clitoris. This allows the patient to have a sensation-having penis head. Metoidioplasty may be used in conjunction with phalloplasty to produce a larger, more "cis-appearing" penis in multiple stages.

On 12 June 2003, the European Court of Human Rights ruled in favor of Van Kück, a German trans woman whose insurance company denied her reimbursement for sex reassignment surgery as well as hormone replacement therapy. The legal arguments related to the Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights as well as the Article 8. This affair is referred to as Van Kück vs Germany.[7]

In 2011, Christiane Völling won the first successful case brought by an intersex person against a surgeon for non-consensual surgical intervention described by the International Commission of Jurists as "an example of an individual who was subjected to sex reassignment surgery without full knowledge or consent".[8]

As of 2017, some European countries require forced sterilization for the legal recognition of sex reassignment.[9]