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=Commercial publisher=

Introduction
The concept of a commercial publisher is used as a surrogate quality assurance test for books and book chapters in place of any formal peer review requirement. A commercial publisher is defined as an entity for which the core business is producing books and distributing them for sale. For the purposes of this collection, university presses are regarded as commercial publishers. Commercial publisher status collates data from the publisher's website that demonstrates the publisher meets the criteria for a commercial publisher. Use this template to write to the publisher which asks for a statement that their business meets the requirements. If publishing is not the core business of an organization but there is a distinct organizational entity devoted to commercial publication it may be acceptable as a commercial publisher if:  publications are not completely paid for or subsidized by the parent organization or a third party; the publishing arm is responsible for the distribution of books and there is an ability to purchase books from the organization or other publications outlet/s.

Definition
A commercial publisher is defined as an entity for which the core business is producing books and distributing them for sale. For the purposes of this collection, university presses are regarded as commercial publishers.

=Types of Commercial Publisher=

1. Commercial Publisher (also referred to as a Traditional Publisher)
Buys the rights to publish the author’s manuscript. The agreement is most commonly exclusive. Typically, the author receives a royalty advance against future sales. Commercial publishers are the most selective of the four types of publishers, taking only a very small percentage of the manuscripts they receive for consideration. They handle all facets of production, from the initial author submission to producing the final product. They fund the advertising, promotion and other necessary items to create public awareness and a demand for the book. They fund the actual production of the book and the distribution channels making it available to the public. After the book sells generating royalties that exceed the initial royalty advance, the author is paid royalties on sales. Royalties are typically 8 to 12%. There are no costs to the author. The publisher derives its profits from the public sale of the book.

2. Subsidy Publisher
Enters into an agreement with the author to publish the author’s manuscript. The agreement is typically non-exclusive with the author retaining certain rights as described in their particular publishing agreement. The author retains ownership of the work. It is more of a partnership between the publisher and the author, whereby the author makes a financial commitment to subsidize a portion of the publishing costs. There is no additional financial commitment required from the author. The terms of the agreement define the specific obligations of the publisher and the author. The author is usually required to make more efforts in the marketing and promotion of the book than with a traditional format. The publisher handles all facets of production, from initial author submission to producing the final product. They fund the advertising, promotion and other necessary items to create public awareness and a demand for the book. They fund the actual production of the book and distribution channels making it available to the public. Because there is no royalty advance, the author is paid royalties from the very first book sold. Royalties are typically 20 to 40%. Subsidy publishers are generally less selective than traditional publishers, taking a larger percentage of the manuscripts they receive for consideration. The publisher derives its profits from the public sale of the book.

3. Vanity Publisher
Enters into an agreement with the author to publish the author’s manuscript. Depending upon the terms of the agreement, the author may retain specific rights and may also be required to fund the bulk of the cost in producing the book. Other arrangements may require little or no initial author funds, but editing, design, marketing, promotion, distribution and other services may need to be purchased from the publisher. Vanity publishers usually generate the bulk of their income from sales to their authors. With the exception of pornography or other liability issues, vanity publishers generally exercise little selectivity in what they publish. Authors are paid royalties on sales. Royalties vary based on the specific agreement with the publisher. Usually vanity publishers maintain extensive websites offering their author’s books for sale. If the publisher funds the entire cost of production, the book is usually offered for sale at a higher price than comparable books, allowing the publisher to recoup their investment.

4. Self-Publisher
The author handles everything needed to get their work into print. In most instances the author contracts with companies providing self-publishing services such as printing, ISBN number, editing etc. The author funds the entire cost of production and publication from manuscript to the completion of the book. Marketing, promotion, distribution and other facets of making the book available for sale are either contracted for, or provided by the author. Because the author funds complete production of the book, full ownership and rights are retained in addition to all proceeds from sales. In the publishing industry, a self-published author is generally not considered a published author, any more than someone who starred in their own home movie is considered a movie star.

Author Service Providers
Although not a publisher in the true sense of the word, the Internet has spawned thousands of companies, print shops and graphic design houses that simply added the word "Publisher" to their name. These companies in spite of having the word "Publisher" in their name are not recognized as publishers in the industry, but service companies providing author services. They are generally not accepted as members of legitimate publishing trade associations. The primary method of determining if a publisher is really an industry standard publisher is that a legitimate publisher has a vested financial interest in the success of the author's book. If a company, regardless of the name, does not have that vested financial interest, they are not an industry standard trade publisher. Additionally, every legitimate publisher is a member of trade publishing associations, just like every legitimate attorney is a member of the bar, and every legitimate doctor is a member of the American Medical Association.

Example commercial publishers
Important Note: Although lengthy, this is NOT a comprehensive list of reputable publishers. •Abrams

• Academic Press

• Addison-Wesley

• Alpha Books

• AMACOM

• American Elsevier

• Anchor Books

• Arnold

• Baker

• Ballantine Books

• Barnes & Noble

• Barron's

• Basic Books

• Beacon Press

• Belhaven Press

• Berkley Publishing Group

• Blackwell

• Blackwell Scientific Publications

• Butterworth-Heinemann

• CAB International

• Cassell

• Chapman & Hall

• Charles Scribner's Sons

• Chatham House

• Clarendon Press

• Crown Publishers

• Da Capo Press

• Dodd, Mead

• Doubleday

• Dover

• Dun & Bradstreet

• Dutton

• Elsevier

• Facts on File

• Farrar, Straus and Giroux

• Free Press

• G.K. Hall

• G.P. Putnam's Sons

• Gale Research Co.

• Garden City Publishing

• Garland

• GIS World

• Gordon and Breach

• Greenwood Press

• Grey House Pub.

• H. W. Wilson Co.

• Harcourt, Brace and Company

• Harmony Books

• Harper

• Harper & Row

• Harper Business

• HarperCollins Publishers

• HarperPerennial

• Haworth Press

• Henry Holt

• HLB International

• Holt, Rinehart and Winston

• Hoover's Business Press

• Houghton Mifflin

• J. B. Lippincott

• JAI Press

• Jossey-Bass

• Kennikat Press

• Kluwer Academic Publishers

• Knopf

• Lippincott

• Little, Brown

• Longman

• Longmans, Green, and Co

• M.E. Sharpe

• Macmillan

• McFarland

• McGraw-Hill

• Meckler

• Merriam-Webster

• Methuen

• Moody's Investors Service

• Morrow

• National Academy Press

• Net-Research

• NTC Business Books

• Oasis Press

• Omnigraphics

• Oryx • Pantheon Books

• Penguin Books

• Peregrine Smith Books

• Peterson's

• Pilgrim Books

• Praeger

• Prentice Hall

• Price Waterhouse

• Probus

• Putnam

• Quorum Books

• R. R. Bowker

• Random House

• Reed Reference Publishing

• Reference Press

• Routledge

• Rowman & Littlefield

• Sage Publications

• Salem Press

• Saunders College Pub.

• Scarecrow Press

• Scribner

• Simon and Schuster

• Springer-Verlag

• St. Martin's Press

• Standard & Poor's Corporation

• Standard Rate & Data Service

• The Vanguard Press

• The Clarendon Press

• Twayne

• Upstart Pub.

• Van Nostrand

• Viking Press

• W. Morrow

• W.H. Freeman

• W.W. Norton

• West

• Westview Press

• Wiley • World Scientific • Woodbine House

• Zed Books

APC prices based on the following criteria which are applied to open access
=References=