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+dalethyne an innovative Products
Wound is a type of injury which happens relatively quickly in which skin is torn, cut or punctured (an open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion (a closed wound). Pathologically, it refers to a sharp injury which damages the dermis of the skin and usually defined as damages or disruption to the normal anatomical structure and function.

Wound healing is a process in which the skin and tissues under it repair themselves after injury. All tissues in the body are capable of healing by one of two mechanisms: Repair and Regeneration. Regeneration is the replacement of damaged tissues by identical cells and is more limited than repair. In humans, complete regeneration occurs in a limited number of cells — for example, epithelial, liver and nerve cells. The main healing mechanism is repair where damaged tissue is replaced by connective tissue which then forms a scar. Wound healing can be defined as the physiology by which the body replaces and restores function to damaged tissues.

The process of wound healing follows immediately after a wound occurs in the body. Normal wound healing is a dynamic and complex process involving a series of coordinated events, including bleeding, coagulation, initiation of an acute inflammatory response to the initial injury, regeneration, migration and proliferation of connective tissue and parenchyma cells, as well as synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, remodeling of new parenchyma and connective tissue and collagen deposition. Finally, increasing the wound strength takes place in an ordered manner and culminates in the repair of severed tissues.

The mechanisms underlying the processes described above involve:

(i) inflammatory mediators and growth factors;

(ii) cell to cell and cell to extracellular matrix interactions that govern cell proliferation, migration and differentiation;

(iii) events involved with epithelialization, fibroplasia and angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels);

(iv) wound contraction; and

(v) remodeling.

These mechanisms are initiated at the time of physical injury and proceed continuously throughout the repair process.

Successful wound healing depends on the timely and optimal functioning of many diverse processes, cell types, molecular mediators and structural elements. Different cells dominate various phases of the repair, and cellular patterns vary according to the different types of injury and the extent of tissue damage. During normal wound healing, there is either tissue regeneration or repair. For example, a clean surgical incision closed with sutures is going to heal faster because there is a small disruption in the continuity of the basement membrane. This healing is fast and is referred to as healing by primary intention. But in open wounds with extensive loss of tissue, reparative process is more complicated because large tissue losses have to be filled, which occurs during healing by secondary intention. In comparison to healing by first intention, this process takes longer and large amounts of granulation tissue are formed in order to fill the tissue defect.

The correct approach of wound management should effectively assist the healing process as it can have an important impact on the final clinical outcome.Louis Pasteur stated: “The germ is nothing. It is the terrain in which it is found that is everything.” It is very similar with wounds. Factors that interfere with wound healing must be addressed in a holistic fashion, as Pasteur suggested, at the terrain in which the wound is found. The individual with a wound has a wide terrain, from the local wound environment to the environment in which he or she lives, and that terrain may determine the healing factor. In other words, wounds do not exist in isolation from the patient as a whole. Factors that may interfere with healing in the local wound environment include infection, necrotic tissue and the vascular supply. In addition, coexisting physical and psychological factors such as nutritional status, disease states (e.g. diabetes, cancer, arthritis) and mental health problems can all impact wound healing.

A chronic wound is like an “Open House” for all types of microorganism which then can enter the body. Bacterial infection inhibits wound healing process as they can produce biofilms, toxins and super-antigen which can avoid immune system and protect itself from antibiotic damage. Like mentioned before a correct approach is very important and hence a wound treatment agent needs to protect wounded tissue from bacterial infection, reduce inflammation and induce cell proliferation to help in reconstruction of damaged tissue.

A wide array of wound antiseptic has been used in wound care but +dalethyne is the latest in wound care management. Kayapan Satya Dharshan, developed this novel product after years and years of research from ozonized olive oil. The compound +dalethyne are a combination of fatty acids (oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid), essential oils (aldehyde group), iodine and peroxide. Unsaturated fatty acid has antibacterial activity as it inhibits enzymatic activity in bacterial cell, inhibits bacterial nutrition intake, triggers peroxidation and auto oxidation which directly use bacterial cell.

Essential oil also has antimicrobial activity. Its mechanism affects bacterial membrane structure and cell wall, pH homeostasis in bacterial cell, chaperone expression, and over production of cell surface protein. Essential oil increases permeability of bacterial cell which results in the loss of essential nutrition from cell (causing trauma to cell structure). It causes proton influx that goes beyond cytoplasmic capability to hold, decreases of ph and disruption in cell function. Essential oil also causes over expression of chaperone protein (DnaK, GroEL, HtpG and Trigger factor Tf) and surface protein (OmpX and OmpA) which disrupt bacterial cell metabolic pathway. Essential oil is effective in inhibiting biofilm formation by using quorum sensing mechanism which inhibits production and secretion of signal molecules necessary for biofilm formation.

+dalethyne is effective against a wide array of pathogens (bacteria, virus, fungus) commonly found in wound infections. It inhibits the formation and destroys biofilm pathogens. It has seen to exhibit excellent wound healing capacity in many researches by causing perfect epithelialization, sufficient fibroplasia, increased vascularization and also no scar formation.

Applications of +dalethyne
Kayapan Satya Dharshan has invented a new process where they first prepared singlet oxygen and then passed this singlet oxygen to extra virgin olive oil to manufacture a new composition named as “dalethyne”.

The novel compound +dalethyne is a combination of four key compounds of peroxide, anisidine, iodine and aldehyde obtained from a process of fatty acid segregation using high-defined oxygen; that brings functions as anti-microbial, anit-fungicidal and anti-viral. Investigations have revealed that +dalethyne reduces inflammation and accelerate wound healing.

+dalethyne comprises 18 various components viz. methyl pelargonate; methyl caparate; methyl azelaaldehydate; dimethyl suberate; methyl 6,6-dimethoxy octanoate; dimethyl azelate; methyl 6,6 dimethoxyoctanoat; methyl miristate; dimethyl undecadioate; methyl palmitate; methyl linoleate; methyl oleate; methyl 8-octadecenoate; methyl stearate; methyl 2 octilesiclopropanooctanate; methyl 11-eicosenoate; methyl eicosanoate; and methyl docosanoate.

+dalethyne formulations are used to treat wounds specifically by Diabetic Foot Ulcers, dry skin problems, acne and burns.

Acne:
Acne is a skin disorder resulting from the action of hormones and other substances on the skin's oil glands (sebaceous glands) and hair follicles affects about 85% of people to some degree in their adolescent lives. In severe cases, it can cause physical and/or emotional scarring as well.

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Dry Skin:
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Dry skin is a problem in varying degree to most humans. This condition is particularly evident in winter. Personal care products such as skin creams/lotions, shampoos/conditioners, toilette bars/shower gels and antiperspirant/deodorants are normally formulated with at least one material to address dry skin. Symptoms such as itching flaking and a visually displeasing dermal appearance can all to some extend are modulated.

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Burns:
Burns are specifically damage caused to one or multiple layers of skin and flesh by external sources such as heat or chemicals, and range in severity from minor to major. The wound caused by burn is predisposed to infection due to damage of the protective skin barrier, facilitating entry of saprophytes, and pathogens. In addition, it involves a large amount of dead tissues that remain in place for a long period of time. Minor burns can be treated by using OTC products, antibiotics and/or aloe vera lotion or gel which may soothe the area and prevent dryness during healing. Serious burns need treatment with medication, wound dressing, therapy and surgery with a goal to control pain, remove dead tissue and prevent infection.

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Wounds :
Wound is a loss of tissue continuity caused by injury or any other source. Wound occur in almost all part of the body and will be perfectly healed physiologically. The wound healing processes occur in a few steps:

1. Hemostatic

2. Inflammation

3. Proliferation (Fibroplasia)

4. Maturation and Re-modelling.

In general, all kind of wounds will undertake these processes. Some factors may interfere in speeding up and helping the wound healing, either assisting by the application of any medical substances or none.

A wound occurs when the integrity of any tissue is compromised like skin breaks, muscle tears, burns, or bone fractures. Wound healing is a multi-phase process involving clotting, inflammation, tissue proliferation and re-modelling. It is a critical process in the skin and it has known to be affected by oxidative stress and also to decline with increasing age. Wounds can be a chronic wounds or acute wounds. Chronic wounds include skin ulcers caused by diabetic mellitus, whereas acute wounds can be caused by an accident or animal bite.

Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFU) is common and most chronic complications associated with diabetic mellitus (DM). It has been demonstrated by researchers that over 15% of patients with DM could develop DFU amid their lifetime.

DFU is a full-thickness penetration of dermis of the foot, predisposes to infection, which is a major factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic foot lesions. DFU are classified as either neuropathic ulcers or ischemic ulcers. Neuropathic ulcers, which develop on the surface of the toes and also on the planter of the metatarsal heads and precede callus formation, are organized by foot deformity or high foot pressures, whereas in Ischemic ulcers occlusive peripheral arterial disease (blockage or narrowing of an artery) is the major factor. Ischemic ulcers can develop on toes rather than the bottom of the foot or margins. The healing of ulcers in diabetic patients is reported to be poor. A significant number of DFU patients do not show any healing after few weeks of treatment and in treatable cases healing occurs in three to five months [7]. Ultimately, unhealed DFU in most cases lead to infection. In toes, due to infection blood circulation is impaired, which causes gangrene by blocking vessels. This might lead to the foot amputation or even death.

DM is a multifactorial disease and wound healing should be managed by multidisciplinary team for comprehensive and integrated DFU care. Multidisciplinary approach includes control patient’s blood sugar, off-loading devices, wound debridement, antibiotic therapy as well as surgery. There are many adjunctive therapies that could be used for rapid healing of DFU include growth factors, bioengineered skin and tissue substitutes, hyperbaric oxygen, negative pressure wound therapy and electrical stimulation. However, due to high cost for these approaches and high rate of ulcer recurrence imposes substantial financial burden on patients.