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EXAMPLES OF HYPOTHESES FROM CLASS XI TEXT BOOK

'''A list of hypothesis is provided below. Students can choose any of these for investigation, but are encouraged to develop their own hypothesis based on their interest.'''

1.	Mosquito densities are significantly correlated with tree densities. 2.	Stray dogs exhibit a less variety of colors than pet dogs. 3.	Indigenous species show a significantly higher level of leaf damage than exotic species. 4.	Natural habitats have more irregular shapes than man-made habitats. 5.	Proportion of raw materials from more natural/near-natural sources (e.g.bamboo) used in house construction decreases with the size of the house. 6.	Over time, paper mills have been bringing in forest based raw material from greater and greater distance. 7.	Over time, paper and polyfibre mills have switched from use of forest based to farm produces raw material. 8.	Over time, proportion of paper produced from imported pulp has been increasing. 9.	The number of distinctive uses of bamboo that a person can name increases with age. 10.	The ratio of price of paper to the royalty paid to the Forest Department has decreased over time. 11.	Bamboo densities are inversely proportional to cattle densities as assessed from cattle dung densities. 12.	Fish diversity is greater upstream as compared to downstream of release of paper mill effluent. 13.	Bamboo densities are higher in reserved as compared to protected forest. 14.	A comparison of the species that have declined over the last five years with those that have increased reveals that more xerophytic species are on the increase. 15.	The greater the population of a village/town/city, greater the technological inputs in its drinking water supply. 16.	Females rank, scarcity of drinking water as a more serious environment concern than males do. 17.	The greater the population of a villages / town /city, greater the distance to its drinking water source. 18.	The amount of drinking water supplied to a town/city has increased at a slower rate than its population. 19.	The lake receives more water from sewage than natural water flow. 20.	The proportion of paper collected from domestic garbage by rag pickers increase with per capita number of cars for residents of the locality. 21.	Organic farms exhibit a significantly greater diversity of crops than non-organic farms. 22.	Organic farms exhibit a significantly lower (or higher) per hectare yields of any given crop than non-organic farms. 23.	Insect/disease damage to crop is significantly higher in monoculture than in mixed crops. 24.	Damage to crops is significantly higher in fields closer to forest patches. 25.	Urban birds include a significantly higher proportion of species from forest than grassland habitats. 26.	Fish species diversity is significantly lower in reservoirs than in rivers. 27.	As reported by experience bird watcher, there has been a decline in the population of insectivors. 28.	There is a significantly greater proportion of larger sized fish amongst species reported to have gone locally extinct by knowledgeable fishermen. 29.	Amongst urban student personal observation is a significantly less important source of knowledge about living organisms that they can name than information gathered from books, magazine or TV. 30.	Organic farms exhibits significantly lower expenditure per kilogram of farm produce than non-organic farms. 31.	Organic farms exhibit significantly higher inputs of labour per kilogram of farm produce than non-organic farms. 32.	In cities, shops selling organic produce are situated in economically more affluent areas as indicated by shop rents. 33.	Communal roosting sites are significantly commoner around human habitations than in farms/orchards. 34.	Densities of barnacles on rock are inversely correlated with phosphorus content of sea water. 35.	Insect/disease damage to crops is significantly higher in fields with higher levels of fertilizer application. 36.	Lichen species diversity is significantly higher in wetter habitats. 37.	Lichen species diversity is significantly higher in cooler habitats. 38.	Mollusk species diversity of fresh water bodies declines with increasing opacity of water. 39.	Diversity of insect caught in light traps declines significantly following forest/grassland fire. 40.	Urban birds include a significantly higher proportion of species using a wider range of habitats than birds from rural habitats. 41.	Medicinal plants include a significantly higher proportion of species belonging to wet tropical forest habitats. 42.	Plant species used for basket/mat weaving includes a significantly higher proportion of monocot species. 43.	Species whose wood is used for carving includes a higher proportion of species from wet tropical forest. 44.	Cultivated plants include a significantly higher proportion of successions/pioneer species. 45.	Cultivated plants include a significantly higher proportion of species belonging to grassland habitats. 46.	Under similar level of pesticides applications, traditional cultivars show significantly lower levels of leaf damage as compared with HYCs. 47.	Educational Institutional have a lower density of trees per unit open space than housing societies. 48.	Proportion of households consuming self caught fish declines with size of agriculture landholding. 49.	Proportion of people consuming wild roots and tubers at home has declined over time.

EXAMPLES OF HYPOTHESIS FROM CLASS XII TEXT BOOK

Chapter1: Our Changing World – Geosphere and Biosphere

1.	Over time, there has been a change in the size and shape of the boundary of the villages / town you stay in. 2.	The area under natural ecosystems like grasslands and forests has reduced because of their conversion to agriculture. 3.	Ecosystems in villages / city have been modified over the last two generations into farming or human habitation and are degraded. 4.	The groundwater levels have gone down due to increase in use of water by people. 5.	There is a reduction in the diversity of fish locally due to changes in the practices of fishing / fish harvesting. 6.	A number of species have become locally extinct due to excessive disturbance if the natural environment by humans. 7.	The quantum of solid waste produced in homes and restaurants has increased over time. 8.	The number of incidents of wildlife straying into human habitation has gone up, with the decrease in their natural habitat. 9.	The previous generation of people in villages / town had greater dependence on local ecosystem services as compared to the present generation. 10.	There are new pattern of disease and pest attacks with changes in rainfall patterns. 11.	New challenges have emerged locally for agriculture as a result of changes in rainfall patterns. 12.

Chapter 2: Sustainable Human Well-being and Environment Sustainability

1.	People value several factors other than income in their perception of a good quality of life. 2.	People value `green surroundings` as an important part of their well-being. 3.	People believe that `sustainable` and `development` are opposing concept. 4.	The quality of water and soil affect the cost of farming and water and soil pollution is borne by individual farmers even though the cause of the pollution may lie elsewhere.

Chapter 3: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use

1.	People have a respect for biodiversity and believe that all species have their own right to life. 2.	Pollution is less due to organic agriculture as compared to chemical intensive agriculture. 3.	Farm biodiversity increase and cost of pest control reduces with the use of Integrated Pest Management technique. 4.	Deforestation decreases with enhanced awareness about forest conservation. 5.	It is possible to reduce river pollution by the use of sewage water for irrigation.

Chapter 4: Sustainable Energy and Material Flow

1.	The Household expenses on fuel is reduced by the adoption of biogas. 2.	By collecting and composting (or vermin composting) organic waste at home, the plants around the house can get organic fertilizer. 3.	By using public transport, it is possible to reduce the expenses on transportation and purchase of fuel. 4.	It is possible to reduce the use of electricity by using more efficient appliances. 5.	It is possible to reduce the use of grid connected electricity by using solar or wind energy.

Chapter 5: Environment Information for Human well being

1.	People in my locality are aware of the changes taking place in the local environment due to climate change and the impact on the people in my villages/town. 2.	People have observed a change in the onset of flowering of trees in different seasons over the past decade. 3.	Livelihood / employment / Income generation activities suitable for environment and natural resources conservation are taken up by using environment related information under the MNREGA. 4.	The annual budget plan of the municipal authorities is prepared by taking into consideration the Environment Status Report 5.	People purchase environment – friendly products by seeing the advertisement of such products. 6.	Environment related information is shared and discussed at weekly markets, animal fairs, jatras etc. that takes place in the locality or region. 7.	People in my neighborhood / students in my institute are aware of the dangers and health impact of tobacco consumption. 8.	Advertisements about the dangers to human health smoking or chewing tobacco are effective and lead to people giving up the consumption of tobacco.