User:KYPark/1963

Peter Berger

 * Invitation to Sociology&#58; A Humanistic Perspective
 * pdf


 * Excerpt and Web Dictionary on manifest and latent functions
 * (1966) The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (with Thomas Luckmann)

Herbert Bohnert

 * The automated multilevel encyclopedia as a new mode of scientific communication.
 * In: Proceedings of American Documentation Institute (October 1963) pp. 269-70. (with Manfred Kochen)

"Most of the 'information crisis' literature stresses the difficulty of access to the growing flood of technical literature. But the problem that more often confronts the researcher is that of absorbing the mountain of material already accessible. An increase in accessibility without a corresponding increase in human assimilation rate will be self-defeating. Short of discovering a harmless superbenzedrine, the only way such a thing can be done is by making better use of the natural rate. At present this natural rate is wastefully expended, not only in literature search (the target of most current documentation efforts), but also in wading through series of "self-contained/' hence highly overlapping but terminologically idiosyncratic, articles in order to build a consistent, single picture of the state of development in a given field. Often one needs to know only a central idea, result, theorem, or the methods employed, with bibliographical information for later reference, but finds that a short course in unneeded detail is required to get to it."

"At such times, one thinks fondly of the occasions when a quick look-up in an encyclopedia or handbook has yielded an authoritative summary, but reflects with resignation that encyclopedias are necessarily limited in size, directed to the general reader rather than the researcher, and usually more than ten years out of date. So they have been. The computer revolution, however, can change all that. In fact, a reexamination of the encyclopedia concept in the light of current technology suggests that it may serve as the basic concept for a new system of scientific communication, taking in and integrating the latest advances, giving out what information is required, not only as much but also as little, tutorial or technical, elementary or advanced. Since technology offers remote access, it follows that location, and hence size, need no longer be limitations. The master encyclopedia need exist at only one center. It should have a word content equal to thousands of volumes, though of course it need have no resemblance to book form. Technology offers a broad variety of access and storage modes, so that less frequently used, or less valuable, records could be stored more cheaply at the cost of slower access.

The master encyclopedia, then, would be an integrated system of storage systems, discs, tapes, cores, cards, microforms. It would contain not only summaries, but articles on many levels of detail, maps, diagrams, tables, and finally the masses of basic data of science, law, business, medicine and government. It could approach, ultimately, a representation of the total state of knowledge, rather than provide a reference summary only."

"Obsolescence, the chronic defect of encyclopedias in the past, can be overcome once the basic text to be updated exists only in one location and not in printed form. A form of change which permits any number of insertions and deletions yet can serve as the master program for the printing of inexpensive condensations is within the technological horizon ..." (Bohnert et al, 1963.10, p. 269)


 * Logical-Linguistic Studies for Machine Text Perusal (Project LOGOS)
 * 31 Dec 1963.
 * Affiliation: Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York.

The full text of this report is not available and therefore is not for sale. This information is provided for reference purposes only. Project LOGOS analyzes the logic of natural language grammar with a double aim. The first is the practical one of constructing artificial languages with certain desirable features for use in certain kinds of automatic information retrieval. The second is the scientific one of providing a new approach to the understanding of language itself. (Author)
 * Herbert G. Bohnert (1962). "Logic of English Grammar." Commun. ACM 5(7): 398 (1962)

Dennis Gabor

 * Inventing the Future
 * dedicated to Aldous Huxley


 * Quotes

Michael Lesk

 * A Comparison of Citation Data for Open and Closed Document Collections
 * Report ISR-3, Information Storage and Retrieval, pp. V-1 to V-10, Harvard Computation Laboratory, April 1963.


 * Attempts to Cluster Documents with Citation Data
 * Report ISR-3, Information Storage and Retrieval, pp. VI-1 to VI-6, Harvard Computation Laboratory, April 1963.


 * A Computer Experiment for Sentence Extraction
 * Report ISR-2, Information Storage and Retrieval, pp. I-1 to I-34, Harvard Computation Laboratory, September 1962. (with E. F. Storm)

Karl Popper

 * Conjectures and Refutations&#58; The Growth of Scientific Knowledge

Derek Price

 * Little Science, Big Science
 * Columbia University Press, New York.

Wilfrid Sellars

 * Science, Perception and Reality

Heinz Werner

 * Symbol Formation&#58; An Organismic-Developmental Approach to Language and Expression of Thought
 * London: John Wiley & Sons (with Bernard Kaplan)


 * ``Werner and Kaplan apply organismic-holistic-developmental conceptions to symbolization, that is, to language and the expression of thought. The notion, organismic-holistic, involves two assumptions: (1) 'holism' -- "any local organ or activity is dependent upon the context, field, or whole of which it is a constitutive part; its properties and functional signficance are, in large measure, determined by this larger whole or context" and (2) 'directiveness' -- "various organs or actvities of an organism function in the realization of ends immanent in the activity of the organism as a whole."`` -- Edward C. Carterette.  International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. XXXIII (1967) pp. 334.
 * Jan Van Dijk (1967). "The Non-Verbal Deaf-Blind and his World: His Outgrowth toward the World of Symbols." Proceedings of the Jaasrverslag Instituut Voor Doven, 1964–1967
 * Susan M. Bruce (2005). "The Application of Werner and Kaplan's Concept of 'Distancing' to Children Who Are Deaf-Blind." Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness (August 2005)
 * distancing (psychology)
 * Walker Percy mentioned the findings in an 1976 interview.