User:KYPark/1972

Gregory Bateson

 * Steps to an Ecology of Mind
 * Ballantine, New York

James Britton

 * Language and Learning
 * Gary Tate (1987) Teaching Composition
 * Richard E. Young (at CMU) "Recent Development in Rhetorical Invention." pp. 1-38
 * Obituary

Asher Cashdan

 * Language in Education: A Source Book
 * Routledge (eds. with Elizabeth Grugeon; prepared by Open University Language and Learning Course Team) Google

We shall be concerned in this article with the functions of extended discourse -- a text or a piece of extended speech (not excluding dialogue). Thus, the notion of an overall functions, a function that dominates in a hierarchy of functions, must be kept in mind.

We shall be concerned with 'typical functions': necessarily so if we are to face up to the distressing facts that a speaker may have hidden and devious intentions in making himself heard; that he may fail to do what he intended; that the effect of an utterance may differ for each member of an audience; and that an utterance may set up a chain of consequences with no determinable cut-off point.

Our salvation lies in the notion of 'context' as Lyons has interpreted it:


 * I consider that the idea of context as 'universe of discourse' [...] should be incorporated in any linguistic theory of meaning. Under this head I include the conventions and pre-suppositions maintained by 'the mutual acknowledgement of communicating subjects' in the particular type of linguistic behaviour (telling a story, philosophizing, buying and selling, praying, writing a novel, etc.) ... Lyons, 1963, pp. 83-84).

Michael Cohen

 * A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice
 * Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 1. (Mar., 1972), pp. 1-25.
 * with James G. March and Johan P. Olsen


 * Garbage Can Model, Bounded rationality, Carnegie School
 * Herbert A. Simon. "Theories of Bounded Rationality." In: C.B. McGuire and Roy Radner, eds. 1, Decision and Organization, North-Holland Publishing Company, 1972, pp. 161-76.
 * James G. March and Johan P. Olsen. Ambiguity and Choice in Organizations, 2nd edition, Bergen: Universitetsforlaget, 1979.

Frederic Jameson

 * The Prison-House of Language: A Critical Account of Structuralism and Russian Formalism
 * Princeton University Press.
 * http://books.google.it/books?id=B7JCvwE003kC


 * (1981) The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Cornell University Press.
 * (1991) Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Duke University Press. http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/us/jameson.htm
 * Holberg International Memorial Prize for 2008

Manfred Kochen

 * WISE&#58; A World Information Synthesis and Encyclopaedia
 * Journal of Documentation, 28: 322-341


 * C. S. de Beer (1993) http://www.twu.edu/library/nitecki/Aspects/C-D.HTML The author discussed Manfred Kochen's idea of a 'World Information Synthesis and Encyclopaedia (WISE)', aimed at stabilization of the growth of knowledge, and its implications for the librarianship and information profession. Kochen foreseen a library as one of the institutions involved in consolidating the fragmented, specialized knowledge. "He distinguished between 'the traditional library' and 'the modern library'. 'The traditional library' he characterized as being 'primarily concerned with the collection, preservation, physical organization and use of books as physical objects.'" The modern library is characterized by Kochen as a new institutional form "which is parallel to the traditional library, but which is primarily concerned with content, abstracted from any physical form'. It is this new institutional form that is of central interest to information science." (pp.101-2)

Donella Meadows

 * Limits to Growth
 * with Dennis Meadows, Jørgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III


 * Cf. Club of Rome, World3
 * Cf. Donella Meadows (1992) Beyond the Limits

Jean Piaget

 * To Understand Is To Invent
 * New York: The Viking Press, Inc.


 * sensemaking, constructivist epistemology
 * (1977) The Development of Thought: Equilibration of Cognitive Structures (A. Rosen, trans., New York: Viking)

Karl Popper

 * Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach

Stephen Toulmin

 * Human Understanding&#58; The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts
 * Princeton University Press


 * (1967) "The Evolutionary Development of Natural Science," American Scientist, 55: 4.