User:KYPark/1976

Albus
James S. Albus (1976). Peoples' Capitalism: The Economics of the Robot Revolution. New World Books, January, 1976.
 * Peoples' Capitalism Home includes fulltext of the book
 * Toward a New World with Peoples' Capitalism at YouTube


 * visual processing
 * (1981) Brains, Behavior, and Robotics. Byte/McGraw-Hill.
 * (2001) Engineering of Mind: An Introduction to the Science of Intelligent Systems. Amazon Look Inside!

John Anderson

 * Language, Memory, and Thought
 * Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
 * The first description of the ACT theory, cf. ACT-R, CV


 * (1973) Human Associative Memory. Winston and Sons. (with Gordon H. Bower)
 * (1979) "An elaborative processing explanation of depth of processing." In: L.S. Cermak & F.I.M. Craik (eds.), Levels of Processing in Human Memory. Erlbaum. (with his wife Lynne Reder)
 * (1980) Cognitive Psychology and its Implications. Freeman.
 * (1981) Learning and Cognition (ed.) Erlbaum.
 * Allen Newell and Paul Rosenbloom. "Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practice."
 * (1983) The Architecture of Cognition. Harvard University Press.
 * (1990) The Adaptive Character of Thought. Erlbaum.
 * (1993) Rules of the Mind. Erlbaum.

Robert Axelrod

 * Structure of Decision: the Cognitive Maps of Political Elites
 * Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. (editor)

Structure of Decision is an edited volume of chapters assembled by Robert Axelrod about the importance of "cognitive maps" of political elites in various decision-making settings. Cognitive maps are representations of the causal beliefs of individual decision makers. Much of the book deals with the methods used to estimate cognitive maps and to analyze them. There are several chapters authored by the editor, one of which deals with an empirical case study of the decisions of the "Persian Committee" of the British government. There is an excellent chapter by Ole Holsti about when cognitive maps of individuals are likely to matter in foreign policy decision making.


 * 1975#Peter Russell, mind map, cognitive map

Gregory Bateson

 * For God's Sake, Margaret
 * CoEvolutionary Quarterly, June 1976, no. 10, pp. 22-44

Nicholas Belkin

 * Information Science and the Phenomenon of Information
 * Journal of the American Society for Information Science, vol. 27, no. 4: 197-204 (with Stephen Robertson)


 * Cf. "H-bomb" (Hydrogen and/or Hidden bomb?)

Jonathan Bennett

 * Linguistic Behaviour
 * Hackett


 * Cf. J. W. Bennett (1976) "Anticipation, Adaptation and the Concept of Culture in Anthropology," Science 192: 847-52

Isaiah Berlin

 * Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas
 * Chato and Windass (1976)


 * history of ideas, Keywords (1976), meme (1976)
 * William Bynum (1975) "The Great Chain of Being after Forty Years: An Appraisal," History of Science, 13: 1-28.

David Bloor

 * Knowledge and Social Imagery


 * cf. Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar (1979) Laboratory Life


 * See also
 * sociology of science
 * sociology of science and technology
 * sociology of scientific knowledge
 * sociology of knowledge
 * strong program

John Boyd

 * Destruction and Creation
 * pdf


 * Abstract  To comprehend and cope with our environment we develop mental patterns or concepts of meaning. The purpose of this paper is to sketch out how we destroy and create these patterns to permit us to both shape and be shaped by a changing environment. In this sense, the discussion also literally shows why we cannot avoid this kind of activity if we intend to survive on our own terms.  The activity is dialectic in nature generating both disorder and order that emerges as a changing and expanding universe of mental concepts matched to a changing and expanding universe of observed reality.

Donald Campbell

 * Assessing the Impact of Planned Social Change
 * The Public Affairs Center, Dartmouth College, December, 1976. pdf
 * ``A version of this paper was presented to the Visegrad, Hungary, Conference on Social Psychology, May 5-10, 1974.``


 * Campbell's Law, high-stakes test, metascience

Chalmers

 * Alan Chalmers


 * What Is This Thing Called Science?
 * It is a guide to the philosophy of science which outlines the shortcomings of a naive empiricist accounts of science, and describes and assesses modern attempts to replace them. The book is written with minimal use of technical terms.

Chen
Peter Pin-Shan Chen (1976). The Entity-Relationship Model: Toward a Unified View of Data. ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), 1(1): 9-36. ACM


 * "The entity-relationship model: toward a unified view of data." ACM SIGIR Forum Volume 10, Issue 3 (Winter 1975) ACM Transactions on Database Systems. Pages: 9 - 9. ACM Abstract A data model, called the entity-relationship model, is proposed. This model incorporates some of the important semantic information in the real world. A special diagramatic technique is introduced as a tool for data base design. An example of data base design and description using the model and the diagramatic technique is given. Some implications on data integrity, information retrieval, and data manipulation are discussed.The entity-relationship model can be used as a basis for unification of different views of data: the network model, the relational model, and the entity set model. Semantic ambiguities in these models are analyzed. Possible ways to derive their views of data from the entity-relationship model are presented.

Chisholm
Roderick Chisholm (1976). Person and Object: A Metaphysical Study
 * Direct attribution theory of reference.
 * The title is analogous to (1976) Cognition and Reality.
 * The title is opposing to #Quine (1960) Word and Object.

Jonathan Culler

 * Saussure
 * Fontana

Richard Dawkins

 * The Selfish Gene
 * Cf. Meme, Memetics
 * Cf. Williams (1976) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society

Gilles Deleuze

 * Rhizome
 * with Felix Guattari


 * Cf. Horizontal gene transfer, Lateral gene transfer

Jacques Derrida

 * Of Grammatology
 * trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
 * Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1976

Michael Dummett

 * What is a Theory of Meaning (II)
 * In: (1976). Truth and meaning


 * ``If a Martian could learn to speak a human language, or a robot be devised to behave in just the ways that are essential to a language speaker, an implicit knowledge of the correct theory of meaning for the language could be attributed to the Martian or the robot with as much right as to a human speaker, even though their internal mechanisms were entirely different.`` (cited by Ned Block 1981)

Terry Eagleton

 * Criticism and Ideology
 * Marxism and Literary Criticism
 * Marxism and Literary Criticism

Umberto Eco

 * A Theory of Semiotics
 * Macmillan, London. (English translation).
 * Original: Trattato di Semiotica Generale (1975)

Carolyn Eisele

 * The New Elements of Mathematics by Charles S. Peirce
 * 4 volumes (ed.)
 * Mouton Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands, 1976.
 * Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1976.


 * Charles Hardwick and J. Cook, eds. (1977) Semiotic and Significs: The Correspondence Between Charles S. Peirce and Victoria Lady Welby, Indiana University Press

Gareth Evans

 * Truth and Meaning&#58; Essays in Semantics 
 * Oxford University Press
 * ed. with John McDowell


 * INTRODUCTION


 * 1) Meaning and Truth Theory by J. A. Foster
 * 2) Reply to Foster by Donald Davidson
 * 3) Truth Conditions, Bivalence and Verificationism by John McDowell
 * 4) What is a Theory of Meaning? (II) by Michael Dummett
 * 5) Two Theories of Meaning by Brian Loar
 * 6) Truth Definitions and Actual Languages by Christopher Peacocke
 * 7) On Understanding the Structure of One's Language by P. F. Strawson
 * 8) Semantic Structure and Logical Form by Gareth Evans
 * 9) Language-Mastery and the Sorites Paradox by Crispin Wright
 * 10) Existence and Tense by Michael Wood
 * 11) States of Affairs by Barry Taylor
 * 12) The De Re 'Must': A Note on the Logical Form of Existentialist Claims by David Wiggins
 * 13) Is There a Problem about Substitutional Quantification? by Saul Kripke
 * ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 * P. F. Strawson's contribution is reprinted ... from Freedom and Resentment and Other Essays (Mathuen, London, 1974). The other essays have not been previously printed.

Charles Fillmore

 * Frame semantics and the nature of language
 * In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Conference on the Origin and Development of Language and Speech. Volume 280: 20-32.

With the term "frame semantics" I have in mind a research program in empirical semantics and a descriptive framework for presenting the results of such research. Frame semantics offers a particular way of looking at word meanings, as well as a way of characterizing principles for creating new words and phrases, for adding new meanings to words, and for assembling the meanings of elements in a text into the total meaning of the text. By the term 'frame' I have in mind any system of concepts related in such a way that to understand any one of them you have to understand the whole structure in which it fits; when one of the things in such a structure is introduced into a text, or into a conversation, all of the others are automatically made available. I intend the word 'frame' as used here to be a general cover term for the set of concepts variously known, in the literature on natural language understanding, as 'schema', 'script', 'scenario', 'ideational scaffolding', 'cognitive model', or 'folk theory'.  Frame semantics comes out of traditions of empirical semantics rather than formal semantics. It is most akin to ethnographic semantics, the work of the anthropologist who moves into an alien culture and ask such questions as, 'What categories of experience are encoded by the members of this speech community through the linguistic choices that they make when they talk?' A frame semantics outlook is not (or is not necessarily) incompatible with work and results in formal semantics; but it differs importantly from formal semantics in emphasizing the continuities, rather than the discontinuities, between language and experience. The ideas I will be presenting in this paper represent not so much a genuine theory of empirical semantics as a set of warnings about the kinds of probelms such a theory will have to deal with. If we wish, we can think of the remarks I make as 'pre-formal' rather than 'non-formalist'; I claim to be listing, and as well as I can to be describing, phenomena which must be well understood and carefully described before serious formal theorizing about them can become possible.
 * See also: Frame semantics, FrameNet, Construction Grammar.

Stanley Fish

 * Interpreting the Variorum
 * Critical Inquiry, Volume 2, Number 3 (Spring 1976)
 * Is There A Text in This Class (Harvard U. Press, 1980) 147–174


 * Interpretive communities are a theoretical concept stemming from reader-response criticism and invented by Stanley Fish. They appeared in an article by Fish in 1976 entitled "Interpreting the Variorum". Fish's theory states that a text does not have meaning outside of a set of cultural assumptions regarding both what the characters mean and how they should be interpreted. This cultural context often includes authorial intent, though it is not limited to it. Fish claims that we interpret texts because we are part of an interpretive community that gives us a particular way of reading a text.

Heinz von Foerster

 * Objects: Tokens for (Eigen-)Behaviours
 * ASC Cybernetics Forum, 8 (3&4): pp. 91–96, 1976 (English version of 84.1)


 * invited by Jean Piaget to Genetic Epistemology Symposium, in Geneva in 1976
 * a text that will become a reference for constructivist epistemology
 * "cybernetics of cybernetic" (1981) or second-order cybernetics
 * "understanding understanding" (1981)
 * Bibliography

Alvin Goldman

 * Discrimination and Perceptual Knowledge
 * The Journal of Philosophy, 73: 771-791

Nelson Goodman

 * Languages of Art&#58; An Approach to a Theory of Symbols
 * 2nd ed.

Jurgen Habermas

 * Communication and the Evolution of Society
 * (1979) English trans.


 * communicative rationality, communicative action
 * (1981) The Theory of Communicative Action
 * On the Pragmatics of Social Interaction
 * universal pragmatics

Edward Hall

 * Beyond Culture
 * Doubleday, New York


 * Keiji Iwata and Yasushi Tani (1979) Bunka Wo Koete (trans. to Japanese, TBS Buritanika, Tokyo)
 * Cf. Edward T. Hall (1978) "Human Needs for Autonomy and Dependence in Technological Environments: Review and Commentary." In: Brent R. Rubin (ed.) Communication Yearbook II (Transaction Press, New Brunswick, NJ) pp. 23-28
 * "Psychological anthropology differentiates culture into overt and covert dimensions [Hall, 1976]; both are crucial in determining communication behavior. The overt or open culture refers to clearly identifiable cultural components such as religion, formal language, and values and norms explicated in philosophy or folklore. Covert or hidden culture, on the other hand, is defined by the unconscious behavioral and perceptual patterns resulting from daily social learning." -- Gary Huang (1993) "Beyond Culture: Communicating with Asian American Children and Families." ERIC/CUE Digest Number 94 (ERIC Identifier: ED366673, ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education New York, NY)

Stuart Hampshire

 * Knowledge and the Future
 * Gwilym James Memorial Lecture


 * Two Theories of Morality (Thank-offering to Britain Fund Lecture) (1977)
 * Public and Private Morality (1978)
 * informal discussion group including J. L. Austin and Isaiah Berlin
 * succeeded A. J. Ayer as Grote Professor of Philosophy at UCL
 * Guardian obituary 2004

Willis Harman

 * An Incomplete Guide to the Future


 * cf. Julio Olalla (2005) "From Knowledge to Wisdom"

John Harsanyi

 * Essays on Ethics, Social Behavior, and Scientific Explanation
 * Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland

Eric Hirsch

 * The Aims of Interpretation
 * ``His books Validity in Interpretation (1967) and The Aims of Interpretation (1976) argue that the author's intention must be the ultimate determiner of meaning and against many new critical and postmodernist claims to the contrary. Hirsch proposed the distinction between "meaning" (as intended by the author) and "significance" (as perceived by a reader or critic).``
 * Summing up
 * 1967 - Validity in Interpretation
 * 1976 - The Aims of Interpretation
 * 1977 - The Philosophy of Composition
 * 1936 - The Philosophy of Rhetoric
 * 1986 - Core Knowledge Foundation
 * 1987 - Cultural literacy
 * 1988 - The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy
 * 1984 - Cultural competence
 * 1976 - Beyond Culture
 * 1996 - The Schools We Need and Why We Don't Have Them
 * Excerpt: "Romanticism believed that human nature is innately good, and should therefore be encouraged to take its natural course, unspoiled by the artificial impositions of social prejudice and convention. Second, Romanticism concluded that a child is neither a scaled-down, ignorant version of the adult nor a formless piece of clay in need of molding, rather, the child is a special being in its own right with unique, trustworthy impulses that should be allowed to develop and run their course."
 * 1997 - What Your __ Grader Needs to Know (Core Knowledge Series)
 * 1938 - World Brain
 * "Knowledge correlated through a World Encyclopaedia" (a grade-by-grade diagram, pp. 106-7)
 * 2006 The Knowledge Deficit
 * He once again makes the case that the cause of disappointing reading performance is a lack of background knowledge. Cf. The Meaning of Meaning (1923), esp., "psychological context".

Jerry Hobbs

 * Making Computational Sense of Montague's Intensional Logic
 * Courant computer science report, 1976


 * Commonsense Metaphysics and Lexical Semantics (Technical note, SRI International, 1986)
 * Literature and Cognition (Lecture Notes, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Jul 9, 1990)
 * ``From 1977 to 2002 he was with the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI International ... where he was a principal scientist and program director of the Natural Language Program. He has written numerous papers in the areas of parsing, syntax, semantic interpretation, information extraction, knowledge representation, encoding commonsense knowledge, discourse analysis, the structure of conversation, and the Semantic Web.``

Ray Jackendoff

 * Conceptual semantics, Conceptual metaphor
 * Lexical semantics, Levels of adequacy
 * Semantics and Cognition
 * Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press


 * Toward an Explanatory Semantic Representation
 * Linguistic Inquiry, 7(1): 89-150

Julian Jaynes

 * The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind


 * Bicameral mentality

Philip Johnson-Laird

 * Language and Perception
 * ed. with George Armitage Miller
 * Belknap Press


 * cf. (1972) Psychology of Reasoning: Structure and Content (with Peter Cathcart Wason)
 * cf. (1977) Thinking: Readings in Cognitive Science (with Peter Cathcart Wason)
 * cf. (1983) Mental Models: Toward a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference and Consciousness
 * cf. (1991) Deduction (with Ruth M. J. Byrne)

Thomas Kuhn

 * Theory-Change as Structure-Change&#58; Comments on the Sneed Formalism
 * Erkenntnis 10: 179-199


 * For Kuhn, unlike Quine, reference is not inscrutable but just very difficult to recover. Refer to "Kuhn's Later Semantic Incommensurability Thesis" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Edmund Leach

 * Culture and Communication&#58; The Logic by Which Symbols are Connected
 * Cambridge University Press. google

Herbert M. Lefcourt

 * Locus of Control: Current Trends in Theory and Research.
 * New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.


 * Locus of control, Explanatory style
 * Julian Rotter, Kurt Lewin


 * See also
 * Herbert M. Lefcourt (1966). "Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A review". Psychological Bulletin 65(4): 206–20.

Wolf Lepenies

 * Das Ende der Naturgeschichte
 * The End of Natural Science

Brian Loar

 * The Semantics of Singular Terms
 * Philosophical Studies, 30: 353-377

Alfred Loisy

 * The Gospel and the Church
 * Fortress, Philadelphia, 1976
 * English trans. of L'Évangile et l'Église (Picard, Paris, (1902))

John Lucas

 * Essays on Freedom and Grace
 * ISBN 0-281-02932-6


 * Democracy and Participation
 * ISBN 0-14-021882-3


 * (1978). Butler's Philosophy of Religion Vindicated.
 * (1980). On Justice.
 * Lucas is perhaps best known for his paper "Minds, Machines and Gödel," arguing that an automaton cannot represent a human mathematician, essentially refuting computationalism.
 * Interests: free will and determinism, anthropic mechanism, Gödel's incompleteness theorem, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of mind, philosophy of science,  philosophy of religion, political philosophy, business ethics, etc.
 * Homepage: http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/
 * Son: Edward Lucas

Alexander Luria

 * The Cognitive Development: Its Cultural and Social Foundations
 * Harvard University Press


 * In 1924, Luria met Lev Vygotsky, who would influence him greatly. Along with Alexei Nikolaevich Leont'ev, these three psychologists launched a project of developing a psychology of a radically new kind. This approach fused "cultural," "historical," and "instrumental" psychology and is most commonly referred to presently as cultural-historical psychology. It emphasizes the mediatory role of culture, particularly language, in the development of higher mental functions in ontogeny and phylogeny.
 * Jerome Bruner

E. R. MacCormac

 * Metaphor and Myth in Science and Religion
 * Durham: Duke University Press.

Ernst Mach

 * On Thought Experiments
 * in Ernst Mach, Knowledge and Error: Sketches on the Psychology of Enquiry (D. Reidel Publishing Co.) pp.134-147 (translation of Erkenntnis und Irrtum, 5th edition, 1926)


 * Cf. Twin Earth thought experiment in: Hilary Putnam (1975) "The Meaning of 'Meaning'"

James March

 * Ambiguity and Choice in Organizations
 * with Johan Olsen. Universitetsforlaget, Bergen, Norway


 * Michael D. Cohen, James G. March, Johan P. Olsen (1972), "A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 1. (Mar., 1972), pp. 1-25.
 * James G. March and Johan P. Olsen (1975), "The Uncertainty of the Past: Organizational Learning Under Ambiguity", European Journal of Political Research, 3 (1975) l47-l7l.
 * James G. March and Johan P. Olsen (1976), Ambiguity and Choice in Organizations. Bergen, Norway: Universitetsforlaget, 1976.
 * James G. March (1978), "Bounded Rationality, Ambiguity, and the Engineering of Choice", Bell Journal of Economics, 9 (1978) 587-608.
 * James G. March (1979), "Ambiguity and the Engineering of Choice", International Studies of Management and Organizations, 9 (1979) 9-39.
 * Martha S. Feldman and James G. March (1981), "Information in Organizations as Signal and Symbol", Administrative Science Quarterly, 26 (198l) l7l-l86.
 * James G. March and Herbert A. Simon (1993), Organizations. 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1993. (1st ed., Wiley, New York, 1958.)

It was developed in reference to "ambiguous behaviors", i.e. explanations/interpretations of behaviors which at least appear to contradict classical theory. The Garbage Can Model was greatly influenced by the realization that extreme cases of aggregate uncertainty in decision environments would trigger behavioral responses which, at least from a distance, appear "irrational" or at least not in compliance with the total/global rationality of "economic man" (e.g. "act first, think later"). The Garbage Can Model was originally formulated in the context of the operation of universities and their many inter-departmental communications problems.

The Garbage Can Model tried to expand organizational decision theory into the then uncharted field of organizational anarchy which is characterized by "problematic preferences", "unclear technology" and "fluid participation". "The theoretical breakthrough of the Garbage Can Model is that it disconnects problems, solutions and decision makers from each other, unlike traditional decision theory. Specific decisions do not follow an orderly process from problem to solution, but are outcomes of several relatively independent stream of events within the organization." (Richard L. Daft, 1982, p.139).

Nicholas Maxwell

 * What’s Wrong With Science?
 * (The Library of Science Criticism)
 * Bran's Head Books, Hayes, Middlesex


 * (1984) From Knowledge to Wisdom: A Revolution in the Aims and Methods of Science, Basil Blackwell, Oxford
 * Roger Sperry (1983) Science and Moral Priority

Serge Moscovici

 * Social Influence and Social Change
 * Academic Press


 * ``The key to the problematic character of the social representations theory can probably found in its dual character which was formulated in Moscovici's initial suggestion in the following way: "...we can see two cognitive systems at work, one which operates in terms of associations, discriminations, that is to say the cognitive operational system, and the other which controls, verifies and selects in accordance with various logical and other rules; it involves a kind of metasystem which re-works the material produced by the first" (Moscovici 1976, p.256.). These two systems are traditionally studied in social psychology separately from each other. The cognitive operational system which is bound to the individual mind encompasses processes including attribution, scripts, implicit theories, categorisation, and stereotyping is the target of mainstream social psychology. In contrast interpretative rules and the social distribution of knowledge are placed onto the social level of analysis, and are approached by phenomenologically or sociologically orientated research. The "titanic" attempt (Gergen, 1994) to avoid both psychological-mentalistic and sociological reductionism by integrating the exogenic and endogenic world views, i.e., individual, social, and collective levels of representation (Cranach, 1992; Jesuino, 1995) into a single theory, however inevitably complex, runs the risk that the gain in explanatory value is at the cost of its relation with empirical research (c.f. Ibanez, 1991).`` pdf


 * social representations
 * Raymond Williams (1976) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society
 * Richard Dawkins (1976) The Selfish Gene - meme
 * David Lewis (1975) "Languages and Language"
 * language v metalanguage, criticism

Neisser
Ulric Neisser (1976).  Cognition and Reality: Principles and Implications of Cognitive Psychology. WH Freeman

In 1976, he wrote Cognition and Reality, in which he expressed three general criticisms of the field of cognitive psychology. First, he was dissatisfied with the linear programming model of cognitive psychology, with its over-emphasis on peculiar information processing models used to describe and explain behavior. Second, he felt that cognitive psychology had failed to address the everyday aspects and functions of human behavior. He placed blame for this failure largely on the excessive reliance on artificial laboratory tasks that had become endemic to cognitive psychology by the mid-1970s. In this sense, he felt that cognitive psychology suffered a severe disconnect between theories of behavior tested by laboratory experimentation and real-world behavior, which he called a lack of ecological validity. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, he had come to feel a great respect for the theory of direct perception and information pickup that had been promulgated by the preeminent perceptual psychologist J. J. Gibson and his wife, the "grand dame" of developmental psychology, Eleanor Gibson. Neisser, in this book, had come to the conclusion that cognitive psychology had little hope of achieving its potential without taking careful theoretical note of the Gibsons' work on perception which argued that understanding human behavior first involves careful analysis of the information available to any perceiving organism.

See also
 * (1967) Cognitive Psychology, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
 * Roderick Chisholm
 * Person and Object (1976) -
 * The First Person (1981)
 * direct attribution theory of reference

Newell
Allen Newell & Herbert A. Simon
 * Computer science as empirical inquiry&#58; symbols and search
 * Communications of the ACM (March 1976) 19(3): 113-126. ACM
 * Computer science is the study of the phenomena surrounding computers. The founders of this society understood this very well when they called themselves the Association for Computing Machinery. The machine -- not just the hardware, but the programmed, living machine -- is the organism we study.

Gordon Pask

 * Conversation Theory&#58; Applications in Education and Epistemology
 * Elsevier, Amsterdam


 * Conversational Techniques in the Study and Practice of Education
 * British J. of Educational Psychology, 46, 12-25


 * Style and Strategies of Learning
 * British J. of Educational Psychology, 46, 128-148

Karl Popper

 * Unended Quest&#58; An Intellectual Autobiography

Derek Price

 * A General Theory of Bibliometric and Other Cumulative Advantage Processes
 * Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 27: 292-306 (1976 JASIS paper award)

Bertram Raphael

 * The Thinking Computer: Mind Inside Matter
 * W.H. Freeman & Company


 * SIR (Semantic Information Retrieval program) on the logical representation of knowledge for question-answering systems (MIT, 1964). Marvin Minsky's student.
 * Sold Douglas Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center from SRI International to Tymshare in 1976.

Tanya Reinhart

 * The Syntactic Domain of Anaphora
 * PhD dissertation, MIT, supervised by Noam Chomsky.


 * In syntax, c-command is a relationship between nodes in parse trees. Originally defined by Tanya Reinhart (1976, 1983), it corresponds to the idea of "siblings and all their descendants" in family trees.


 * "C-command" is generally taken to be a shortened form of "constituent command." According to anonymous sources cited by Andrew Carnie, however, the etymology of "c-command" may also be traced back to a time in the 1970s when the c-command relationship existed alongside another relationship, kommand, proposed by Howard Lasnik in 1976. Since "command" and "kommand" were pronounced the same way, linguists may have differentiated them by referring to them as "c-command" and "k-command," respectively. It is unclear, then, whether the term "c-command" is left over from this former distinction, or "constituent command" was a pre-existing term and "c-command" an abbreviated form of it.


 * cf. Anaphora and Semantic Interpretation (Croom Helm, London, 1983)

Paul Ricoeur

 * Interpretation Theory&#58; Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning
 * Texas Christian University Press, 1976


 * "Language as Discourse" Amazon reader

David Rumelhart

 * and Andrew Ortony


 * The Representation of Knowledge in Memory
 * Technical Report No. 55, University of California, San Diego, Center for Human Information Processing, 1976.


 * Andrew Ortony ed. (1979) Metaphor and Thought
 * Rumelhart Prize

Seung

 * Cultural Thematics: The Formation of the Faustian Ethos
 * New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.


 * Semiotics and Thematics in Hermeneutics
 * New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.
 * Structuralism and Hermeneutics
 * New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.
 * Kant: A Guide for the Perplexed
 * London: Continuum, 2007.
 * cf. Ernst Schumacher (1977) A Guide for the Perplexed

In Cultural Thematics, Seung says that his trinitarian reading of the Commedia was originally inspired by two major movements in the humanities at the time. One was the formalistic program of New Criticism with its preference for close reading under the slogan "Back to the text," and the other was European phenomenology with its motto "Let the object reveal itself instead of imposing one's preconception upon it." Though never abandoning the phenomenological motto, Seung came to have serious doubts about the formalistic approach to textual interpretation. The outcome of these misgivings is presented in his trilogy, Cultural Thematics, Structuralism and Hermeneutics, and Semiotics and Thematics in Hermeneutics. In the first book Seung constructively demonstrates the role of cultural context in the explication of textual meaning. In the second book he systematically examines the danger of misinterpretation inherent in the formalist and post-structuralist programs of textual interpretation, due to their disregard of contextual considerations. In the third book he takes into account the theoretical assumptions and methodological commitments that the first two books presuppose, and presents a fully elaborate theory of how to combine the phenomenological approach to textual meaning with the hermeneutic assertion that cultural contextualism is the prerequisite for adequate textual understanding and interpretation.

Francis Schaeffer

 * How Should We Then Live&#58; The Decline of Western Thought and Culture
 * A major Christian cultural and historical documentary film series and book, written by presuppositionalist theologian author. It is Book Two in Volume Five of The Complete Works of Francis A. Schaeffer: A Christian Worldview, 1982.

Glenn Shafer

 * A Mathematical Theory of Evidence
 * Princeton University Press


 * Dempster-Shafer theory, Structure Mapping Engine, Bayes' theorem
 * ../1983 Mind Model
 * ../1983 Mind Model

Simon
Herbert A. Simon
 * Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization
 * (3rd ed.) New York: The Free Press, 1976. (2nd ed. 1957)

Burrhus Skinner

 * Particulars of My Life
 * Knopf, New York


 * ``Russell's review[, originally appeared in the August 1926 issue of Dial, Vol. 81, pp. 114-121,] plays a specific role in the history of psychology principally because of its impact on the young B. F. Skinner. Skinner has often acknowledged the influence of Russell (e.g., Skinner, 1984, p. 659), and has stated that it was this review that introduced him to behavioral psychology (Skinner, 1976, pp. 298-300). Some of the reason for that influence becomes clear when one reads Russell's skillful discussions of behavioral psychology both in the analysis of human activity, as in this review, or in Philosophy (1927), and also regarding its potential as a technology for cultural design (e.g., Russell, 1931). Of course, there may have been other factors in Skinner's early family, social, and educational experiences that predisposed him to assimilate or agree with Russell's views on behavioral science and on society as well, as Coleman (1985) suggests.`` -- W. Scott Wood. "Bertrand Russell's Review of The Meaning of Meaning." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Jan. 1986) pp. 107-113.


 * See also:
 * cf. (1979) The Shaping of a Behaviorist
 * cf. (1983) A Matter of Consequences
 * cf. (1984) "Author's response: Representations and misrepresentations." Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 655-667

Gail Stine

 * Skepticism, Relevant Alternatives, and Deductive Closure
 * Philosophical Studies, 29: 249-261

David Swinney

 * Effects of prior context upon lexical access during sentence comprehension
 * Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, l5, pp. 68l-689 (with D. Hakes)


 * Cf. (1979) "Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects." Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 645-660

Gary Tate

 * Teaching Composition: 10 Bibliographical Essays
 * Texas Christian University Press (ed.)
 * 2nd ed. 1987 Google


 * Richard E. Young. "Recent Deveolpments in Rhetorical Invention," pp. 1-38.
 * 

In a recent bibliographic study James L. Kinneavy calls situational context "one of the most overpowering concepts in contemporary rhetoric" ("Contemporary Rhetoric," inThe Present State of Scholarship in Historical and Contemporary Rhetoric, ed. Winifred Bryan Horner [Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1983], p. 174). First formulated as the ancient Greek concept of kairos, the importance of situation for the speaker and writer is not new in rhetoric, though it has been largely ignored in current-traditional composition. Recently, however, as Kinneavy points out, its value is being reaffirmed in a wide range of disciplines that study language. Kinneavy's "The Relation of the Whole to the Part in Interpretation Theory and in the Composing Process" is a thorough introduction to situational context, from kairos on, as it bears on composing and criticism (in Linguistics, Stylistics, and the Teaching of Composition, ed. Donald McQuade [Akron, Ohio: L&S Books and the Department of English, University of Akron, 1979], pp. 1-23). (p. 12)

Roberto Unger

 * Law in Modern Society
 * interactional law, traditionalistic society, postliberal society, revolutionary socialist society, interpretive explanation, immanent order, law ideal...

Teun van Dijk

 * Pragmatics of Language and Literature
 * (ed.) North Holland, Amsterdam, 1976


 * Some Aspects of Text Grammars: A Study in Theoretical Poetics and Linguistics. Mouton, The Hague, 1972

Joseph Weizenbaum

 * Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment To Calculation
 * San Francisco: W. H. Freeman


 * Ethics of artificial intelligence
 * Critique of technology, Friendly AI
 * Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility

Raymond Williams

 * Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society
 * cf. Richard Dawkins (1976) Meme

Arthur M. Young

 * Young advocated a process theory, which is a form of integral theory. These theories attempt to integrate the realm of human thought and experience with the realm of science so that the concept of universe is not limited to that which can be physically measured. Young's theory embraces evolution and the concept of the great chain of being. He has influenced such thinkers as Stanislav Grof.
 * Alfred Whitehead, Aldous Huxley, Buckminster Fuller
 * Noosphere, Parapsychology


 * The Reflexive Universe: Evolution of Consciousness
 * New York: Delacorte Press, 1976


 * Geometry of Meaning
 * New York: Delacorte Press, 1976


 * The Bell Notes: A Journey from Physics to Metaphysics
 * New York: Delacorte Press, 1979

Richard Young

 * Seriation by Children&#58; An Artificial Intelligence Analysis of a Piagetian Task
 * Basel: Birkhauser


 * Richard E. Young (CMU)
 * Richard M. Young (MRC)

John Ziman

 * The Force of Knowledge: The Scientific Dimension of Society
 * Cambridge University Press


 * cf. "social dimension of science"
 * Scientific research is framed in  documents.
 * In 1964 he was appointed professor of theoretical physics at Bristol University, and his interests shifted towards the philosophy of science. He argued ardently about the social dimension of science, and the social responsibility of scientists in numerous essays and books.
 * (1978) Reliable Knowledge: An Exploration of the Grounds for Belief in Science. Cambridge University Press.