User:KYPark/1986

Michael Arbib

 * The Construction of Reality
 * Cambridge University Press. (with Mary B. Hesse)
 * http://books.google.com/books?id=a3yMTANfHBQC
 * /Arbib


 * Michael Arbib
 * PhD in math (1963) advised by Norbert Wiener, MIT; Stanford (5yrs); Chairman, Department of Computer and Information Science,University of Massachusetts Amherst, 1970-1986; University of Southern California, 1986-; World Brain Workshop, Calgary, 1997.


 * Mary Hesse
 * University of Cambridge


 * 1966. Models and Analogies in Science, Notre Dame University Press, Notre Dame (Ind.), 1966, pp. 184.
 * 1974. The Structure of Scientific Inference, Macmillan, London and University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1974, pp. vii+309.
 * 1980. Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science, The Harvester Press, Brighton and Indiana University Press, Bloomington (Ind.).

Bernard Baars

 * The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology
 * The Guilford Press
 * http://books.google.com/books?id=ZWMCB1zSm70C


 * Talk:Cognitive revolution

John Barrow

 * The Anthropic Cosmological Principle
 * Co-authored with Frank Tipler
 * Foreword by John Wheeler
 * Oxford University Press


 * ``This book contains an extensive review of the relevant history of ideas, because its authors believe that the anthropic principle has important antecedents in the notions of intelligent design, the philosophies of Fichte, Hegel, Bergson, and Alfred North Whitehead, and the omega point cosmology of Teilhard de Chardin.``

Jonathan Cohen

 * The Dialogue of Reason
 * (1977) The Probable and the Provable
 * (1970) The Implications of Induction

Stewart Cohen

 * Knowledge and Context
 * The Journal of Philosophy, 83(10): 574-583


 * Opening Passage:

Dreyfus
Hubert Dreyfus & Stuart Dreyfus
 * Mind Over Machine

Hirsch
Eric Donald Hirsch, Jr.
 * Core Knowledge Foundation


 * See also
 * Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs To Know (1987).
 * The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (1988).

James McClelland

 * Parallel Distributed Processing&#58; Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition
 * with David Rumelhart
 * regard as a bible for cognitive scientists.


 * McClelland is to a large extent responsible for the "connectionist revolution" of the 1980s, which saw a large increase in scientific interest for connectionism. His present work focuses on learning, memory processes and psycholinguistics, still within the framework of connectionist models.

Peter Medawar

 * Memoirs of a Thinking Radish

Donald Norman

 * User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction
 * with Stephen W. Draper. Lawrence Erlbaum.

Perkins
David N. Perkins
 * Knowledge as Design
 * Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1986
 * Harvard critical pedagogue like Howard Gardner


 * critical thinking, critical pedagogy pdf

Rumelhart
David Rumelhart & James McClelland, eds.
 * Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition Volume 1: Foundations
 * MIT Press, Cambridge, MA


 * David Rumelhart, Geoffrey Hinton, and James McClelland. A general framework. ibid
 * David Rumelhart, P. Smolensky, James McClelland, and Geoffrey Hinton. Parallel distributed models of schemata and sequential thought processes. ibid
 * Geoffrey Hinton, James McClelland, and David Rumelhart. Distributed representations. ibid
 * David Rumelhart, Geoffrey Hinton, and RJ Williams.  Learning internal representations by error propagation. ibid
 * Geoffrey Hinton and Terry Sejnowski. Learning and relearning in Boltzmann machines. ibid


 * Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E., and Williams, R. J. Learning representations by back-propagating errors. Nature, 323, 533-536.
 * Kienker, P. K., Sejnowski, T. J., Hinton, G. E., and Schumacher, L. E. Separating figure from ground with a parallel network. Perception, 15, 197-216.
 * Sejnowski, T. J., Kienker, P. K., and Hinton, G. E. Learning symmetry groups with hidden units: Beyond the perception. Physica D, 22, 260-275.
 * Hinton, G. E. Learning distributed representations of concepts. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Amherst, Mass.
 * Plaut, D., Nowlan, S. and Hinton, G. E. Experiments on learning by back-propagation. Technical Report CMU-CS-86-126. Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University.
 * Pearlmutter, B. A. and Hinton, G. E. G-maximization: An unsupervised learning procedure for discovering regularities. In: Denker, J., editor, Neural Networks for Computing, American Institute of Physics.


 * http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/chronological.html

Gerard Salton

 * Another Look at Automatic Text-Retrieval Systems
 * Communications of the ACM, Vol. 29, No. 7 (July 1986) pp. 648-656. ACM

Evidence from available studies comparing manual and automatic text-retrieval systems does not support the conclusion that intellectual content analysis produces better results than comparable automatic systems.

Abstract An evaluation of a large, operational full-text document-retrieval system (containing roughly 350,000 pages of text) shows the system to be retrieving less than 20 percent of the documents relevant to a particular search. The findings are discussed in terms of the theory and practice of full-text document retrieval.
 * David C. Blair, M. E. Maron (1985), "An evaluation of retrieval effectiveness for a full-text document-retrieval system," Communications of the ACM, vol. 28 no. 3, pp. 289-299. (first citation as a likely iconoclast) ACM

Simon
Jan M. Zytkow & Herbert A. Simon
 * A Theory of Historical Discovery&#58; The Construction of Componential Models
 * Machine Learning, Vol. 1, Iss.1, pp.107-137. ACM


 * Abstract

One of the major goals of 18th century chemistry was to determine the components of substances. In this paper we describe STAHL, a system that models significant portions of 18th century reasoning about compositional models. The system includes a number of heuristics for generating componential models from reactions, as well as error recovery mechanisms for dealing with inconsistent results. STAHL processes chemical reactions incrementally, and is therefore capable of reconstructing extended historic episodes, such as the century-long development of the phlogiston theory. We evaluate STAHL's heuristics in the light of historical data, and conclude that the same reasoning mechanisms account for a variety of historical achievements, including Black's models of mild alkali and Lavoisier's oxygen theory. STAHL explains the generation of competing accounts of the same reactions, since the system's reasoning chain depends on knowledge it has accumulated at earlier stages.


 * References


 * 1) 	Berthollet, M. (1897). Memoir on Dephlogisticated Marine Acid. In The early history of chlorine, alembic club reprints, No. 13, London.
 * 2) 	Black, J. (1756). Experiments upon Magnesia alba, Quicklime, and some other Alkaline Substances. In Essays and observations, physical and literary.. Edinburgh.
 * 3) 	Cavendish, H. (1766). Three papers, containing experiments of factitious air. Philosophical Transactions, 56, 141-184.
 * 4) 	Cavendish, H. (1784). Experiments on Air. Philosophical Transactions, 74, 119-153.
 * 5) 	Cavendish, H. (1785). Experiments on Air. Philosophical Transactions, 75, 372-384.
 * 6) 	Doyle, J. (1979). A truth maintenance system. Artificial intelligence, 12, 231-272.
 * 7) 	Gay-Lussac, L.P., & Thenard, L. J. (1808). Sur les metaux de la potasse et de la soude. Annales de chimie, 66, 205-217.
 * 8) 	Gay-Lussac, L. P., & Thenard, L. J. (1810). Observations. Annales de chimie, 75, 290-316.
 * 9) 	Kirwan R. (1789). An essay on phlogiston and the constitution of acids. London: J. Johnson.
 * 10) 	Koertge, N. (1969). A study of relations between scientific theories: A test of the general correspondence principle. PhD thesis, University of London.
 * 11) 	Krajewski, W. (1977). Correspondence principle and growth of science. Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel.
 * 12) 	Langley, P. (1981). Data-driven discovery of physical laws. Cognitive Science, 5, 31-54.
 * 13) 	Langley, P., Zytkow, J. M., Simon, H. A., & Bradshaw, G. L. (1986). The search for regularity: Four aspects of scientific discovery. In R. S. Michalski, J. G. Carbonell & T. M. Mitchell (Eds.), Machine learning, Vol. 2. Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
 * 14) 	Lavoisier, A. (1789). Traite elementaire de chimie. Paris: Chez Cuchet.
 * 15) 	Lenat, D. B. (1977). Automated theory formation in mathematics. Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 833-842). Cambridge, Mass.: Morgan Kaufmann.
 * 16) 	Musgrave, A. (1976). Why did oxygen supplant phlogiston? Research programmes in the chemical revolution. In Method and appraisal in the physical sciences. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
 * 17) 	Partington, J. R. (1961). A history of chemistry. London: Macmillan.
 * 18) 	Partington, J. R . (1962). A history of chemistry. London: Macmillan.
 * 19) 	Priestley, J. (1775). Experiments and observations on different kinds of air. 3 Vols. London: J. Johnson 1774-5-7.
 * 20) 	Scheele, C. W. (1786). On Manganese, Manganesium or Magnesia Vitrariorum. In The chemical essays of Charles-William Scheele. London.
 * 21) 	Stahl, G. E. (1730). Philosophical principles of universal chemistry. London: Osborn & Longman.
 * 22) 	Stallman, R. M., & Sussman, G. J. (1977). Forward reasoning and dependency-directed backtracking in a system for computer-aided circuit analysis. Artificial Intelligence, 9, 135-196.
 * 23) 	Zytkow, J. M., & Levenstam, A. (1982). Czy tlenowa teoria Lavoisiera byta lepsza od teorii flogistonowej? Przyczynek do analizy rewolucji naukowej. Was the oxygen theory of Lavoisier better than the phlogiston theory? A contribution to the analysis of the scientific revolution. Studia Filozoficzne, (9-10), 39-65.

Ernest Sosa

 * On Knowledge and Context
 * The Journal of Philosophy, 83(10): 584-585

Dan Sperber

 * Relevance&#58; Communication and Cognition
 * with Deirdre Wilson

Suchman
Lucy Suchman and Randall H. Trigg (1986).  A Framework for Studying Research Collaboration. Proceedings of the 1986 ACM Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work This paper describes a methodological and topical framework for studying collaboration in research settings. The framework is intended to capture the central activities and issues in research collaboration, and to represent them in a way that can inform the design of computer support. In this paper we present our starting premises for studying collaboration, describe our use of qualitative and naturalistic methods, and report our preliminary findings.
 * Bibliography
 * 1) Jefferson, G. (1972) Side Sequences, in Sudnow, D. (ed.) Studies in Social Interaction. New York: Free Press.
 * 2) Robert Kraut, Jolene Galegher , Carmen Egido, Relationships and tasks in scientific research collaborations, Proceedings of the 1986 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work, December 03-05, 1986, Austin, Texas  [doi>10.1145/637069.637098]
 * 3) Latour, B. and Woolgar, S. (1979) Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts, London and Beverly Hills: Sage.
 * 4) Traweek, S. (1985) Collaboration: Similarity and Difference Within the International High Energy Physics Community, New York: Social Science Research Council.
 * 5) Randall H. Trigg, Lucy A. Suchman , Frank G. Halasz, Supporting collaboration in notecards, Proceedings of the 1986 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work, December 03-05, 1986, Austin, Texas  [doi>10.1145/637069.637089]

Swanson
Don R. Swanson (1986). Undiscovered public knowledge. Library Quarterly 56(2): 103-118.

Don R. Swanson (1986).  Fish oil, Raynaud's syndrome, and undiscovered public knowledge. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 30(1): 7-18.

Compare:

Don R. Swanson and Neil R. Smalheiser (1996). Undiscovered public knowledge: A ten-year update. In: Data Mining: Integration & Application (KDD-96 Proceedings, AAAI) pp. 295-298. http://www.aaai.org/Papers/KDD/1996/KDD96-051.pdf
 * See also

The objects of study in the work summarized here are complementary structures within the scientific literature. The recognition of meaningful associations and ultimately that of complementarity require a high level of subject expertise. '''The unruly problems of meaning within the natural language of titles and abstracts present serious obstacles to more fully automating this process of knowledge discovery. Our computer aids are therefore designed to enhance and stimulate human ability to see connections and relationships.''' These aids necessarily derive from the immense databases that provide the routes of intellectual access to the literature. Our goal thus far has been to produce a working practical system that yields immediate results in furthering the aims of biomedical research, and which at the same time generates data and problems that contribute to understanding literature-based scientific discovery. [my boldface]

Randall Trigg

 * TEXTNET&#58; A Network-Based Approach to Text Handling
 * Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), Volume 4 Issue 1 (January 1986) (with Mark Weiser).

Textnet is a new system for structuring text. The Textnet approach uses one uniform data structure to capture graphlike pools of text, as well as embedded hierarchical structures. By using a semantic network formalism of nodes connected by typed links, the relationships between neighboring pieces of text are made explicit. Also described is our partial implementation of the Textnet approach, which makes use of an object-oriented window/menu-driven user interface. Users peruse the network by moving among object menus or by reading text along a path through the network. In addition, critiquing, reader linking, searching, and jumping are easily accessible operations. Finally, the results of a short trial with users are presented.


 * Bibliography
 * 1) Todd Allen, Robert Nix, Alan Perlis, PEN: A hierarchical document editor, Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN SIGOA symposium on Text manipulation, p.74-81, June 08-10, 1981, Portland, Oregon, United States
 * 2) BANNON, L.J. Social organization and computer-mediated communication. In User Centered Systems Design: New Perspectives in Human-Computer Interaction, D. Norman and S. J. Draper, Eds. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J., 1986, to appear.
 * 3) BOHNERT, H. G., AND KOCHEN, M. The automated multilevel encyclopedia as a new mode of scientific communication. In Proceedings of the American Documentation Institute, Oct. 1963, pp. 269-270.
 * 4) BUSH, V. As we may think. Atlantic Monthly 176, 1 (July 1945), 101-108. Reprinted in: The Growth of Knowledge, M. Kochen, Ed. Wiley, New York, 1967, pp. 23-35.
 * 5) CARMODY, S., GROSS, W., NELSON, T. H., RICE, D., AND VAN DAM, A. A hypertext editing system for the/360. In Pertinent Concepts in Computer Graphics, M. Faiman and J. Nievergelt, Eds. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Ill., 1969, pp. 291-330.
 * 6) ENGELBART, D. C., AND ENGLISH, W.K. A research center for augmenting human intellect. In Proceedings of the Fall Joint Computer Conference, vol. 33. AFIPS Press, Reston, Va. (1968), pp. 395-410.
 * 7) ENGELBART, D. C., WATSON, R. W., AND NORTON, J.C. The augmented knowledge workshop. In Proceedings of the National Computer Conference, vol. 42. AFIPS Press, Reston, Va. (1973), pp. 9-21.
 * 8) Christopher W. Fraser, Syntax-directed editing of general data structures, Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN SIGOA symposium on Text manipulation, p.17-21, June 08-10, 1981, Portland, Oregon, United States
 * 9) Starr Roxanne Hiltz, Murray Turoff, The evolution of user behavior in a computerized conferencing system, Communications of the ACM, v.24 n.11, p.739-751, Nov. 1981  [doi>10.1145/358790.358794]
 * 10) Daniel H. H. Ingalls, The Smalltalk-76 programming system design and implementation, Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of programming languages, p.9-16, January 23-25, 1978, Tucson, Arizona  [doi>10.1145/512760.512762]
 * 11) Donald L. McCracken, Robert M. Akscyn, Experience with the ZOG human-computer interface system, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, v.21 n.4, p.293-310, Oct. 1984  [doi>10.1016/S0020-7373(84)80050-4]
 * 12) Norman Meyrowitz, Andries van Dam, Interactive Editing Systems: Part I, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), v.14 n.3, p.321-352, Sept. 1982  [doi>10.1145/356887.356889]
 * 13) James Anderson Moorer, Music and computer composition, Communications of the ACM, v.15 n.2, p.104-113, Feb. 1972  [doi>10.1145/361254.361265]
 * 14) Stephen W. Smoliar, Comments on Moorer's music and computer composition, Communications of the ACM, v.15 n.11, p.1000-1001, Nov. 1972  [doi>10.1145/355606.361896]
 * 15) NELSON, T. Literary machines. T. Nelson, P.O. Box 118, Swarthmore, PA 19081, 1984.
 * 16) NELSON, T. H. Getting it out of our system. In Information Retrieval: A Critical View, G. Schecter, Ed. Thompson Books, Washington, D.C., 1967.
 * 17) REID, B. K., AND WALKER, J.H. Scribe User's Manual, 3rd ed. Unilogic, Ltd., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1980.
 * 18) RIEGER, C., WOOD, R., AND ALLEN, E. Large human-machine information spaces. In Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1981, Vancouver, BC, Can. (also Tech. Rep. 1024, University of Maryland, Computer Science Dept.), Aug. 1981, pp. 985-991.
 * 19) ROBERTSON, G., MCCRACKEN, D., AND NEWELL, A. The ZOG approach to man-machine communication. Tech. Rep. CMU-CS-79-148, Dept. of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct., 1979.
 * 20) ROBERTSON, G., MCCRACKEN, D., AND NEWELL, A. The ZOG approach to man-machine communication. Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud. 14, 4 (May 1981), 461-488.
 * 21) SEYBOLD, P. Tymshare's Augment: Heralding a new era. Seybold Report on Word Processing 1, 9 (Oct. 1978).
 * 22) SHACKEL, B. Plans and initial progress with BLEND--an electronic network communication experiment. Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud. 17, 2 (Aug. 1982), 225-233.
 * 23) Stephen W. Smoliar, Comments on Moorer's music and computer composition, Communications of the ACM, v.15 n.11, p.1000-1001, Nov. 1972  [doi>10.1145/355606.361896]
 * 24) SOERGEL, D. An automated encyclopedia--a solution of the information problem? International Classification 4, 1, 2 (1977), 4-10 and 81-89.
 * 25) Richard M. Stallman, EMACS the extensible, customizable self-documenting display editor, Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN SIGOA symposium on Text manipulation, p.147-156, June 08-10, 1981, Portland, Oregon, United States
 * 26) TRIGG, R. A network-based approach to text handling for the online scientific community. Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Computer Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Md., Tech. Rep. 1346, Nov. 1983.
 * 27) UHLIG, R. P., FARBER, D. J., AND BAIR, J.H. The Office of the Future. North-Holland, New York, 1979.
 * 28) Janet H. Walker, The document editor: A support environment for preparing technical documents, Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN SIGOA symposium on Text manipulation, p.44-50, June 08-10, 1981, Portland, Oregon, United States
 * 29) WEINREB, D., AND MOON, D.A. Introduction to using the window system. MIT A. I. Laboratory, Working Paper 210 (pre-print of MIT Lisp Machine Manual Chapter), May 1981.
 * 30) WEISER, M., TOREK, C., TRIGG, R., AND WOOD, R. The Maryland window systems. Tech. Rep. 1271, Computer Science Dept. (Jan. 1983).
 * 31) WEISER, M., AND TOREK, C. The Maryland window system. In Proceedings of the 1984 Unix Users (Usenix) Conference (Salt Lake City, Utah, June, 1984), pp. 166-172.
 * 32) Joseph Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation, W. H. Freeman & Co., New York, NY, 1976
 * 33) WELLS, H.G. World Brain. Doubleday, Doran, Garden City, N. Y., 1938. (Reprinted in The Growth of Knowledge, M. Kochen, Ed., John Wiley, New York, 1967, pp. 11-22).
 * 34) Stephen A. Weyer, Alan H. Borning, A prototype electronic encyclopedia, ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), v.3 n.1, p.63-88, Jan. 1985  [doi>10.1145/3864.3865]
 * 35) Richard Johnston Wood, Computer aided program synthesis, 1982
 * 36) XEROX SPECIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS. NoteCards Release 1.1 Reference Manual. Xerox, Inc., March 1985.
 * 37) XOC, INC. Xanadu~ Marketing and Technical Documentation, 1983.


 * Supporting Collaboration in Notecards
 * Proceedings of the 1986 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work, December 03-05, 1986, Austin, Texas. (with Lucy Suchman, Frank Halasz). [doi>10.1145/637069.637089]


 * 1) Jefferson, G. (1972). "Side Sequences," in: Sudnow, D. (ed.) Studies in Social Interaction. New York: Free Press.
 * 2) Robert Kraut, Jolene Galegher, Carmen Egido (1986). "Relationships and tasks in scientific research collaborations," Proceedings of the 1986 ACM Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, December 3-05, 1986, Austin, Texas  [doi>10.1145/637069.637098]
 * 3) Latour, B. and Woolgar, S. (1979). Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts, London and Beverly Hills: Sage.
 * 4) Traweek, S. (1985). Collaboration: Similarity and Difference Within the International High Energy Physics Community, New York: Social Science Research Council.
 * 5) Randall H. Trigg, Lucy A. Suchman, Frank G. Halasz, (1986). "Supporting collaboration in notecards," Proceedings of the 1986 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work, December 03-05, 1986, Austin, Texas  [doi>10.1145/637069.637089]

Arthur Wilder-Smith

 * Huxley Memorial Debate
 * under the auspices of the Oxford Union a student debate club of Oxford University


 * ``The motion "That the Doctrine of Creation is more valid than the Theory of Evolution" was debated by Edgar Andrews and A. E. Wilder-Smith for the ayes, and Richard Dawkins and John Maynard Smith for the noes. A few members of the Oxford Union were additional speakers. After approximately 3 hours of debate, the motion was defeated.``

Winograd
Terry Winograd and Fernando Flores (1986).  Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design. Ablex Publishing Corporation. http://books.google.com/books?id=2sRC8vcDYNEC
 * (1982) Language As A Cognitive Process, Volume 1, Syntax Addison-Wesley.