User:KYPark/1992

Bartz
Carol Bartz (1992).  She became CEO of Autodesk and gave up further investment on the Project Xanadu.

Buckland

 * Michael K. Buckland


 * Emanuel Goldberg, Electronic Document Retrieval, and Vannevar Bush's Memex
 * Journal of the American Society for Information Science, vol. 43, no. 4 (May 1992): 284-294. (This text may vary slightly from the published version.)
 * Postscript 19 February 2009: For a more detailed and more up-to-date account see the biography: M. Buckland. Emanuel Goldberg and his Knowledge Machine. Libraries Unlimited, 2006. ISBN 0-313-31332-6, esp. chaps 14 & 19.


 * Abstract:  Vannevar Bush's famous paper "As We May Think" (1945) described an imaginary information retrieval machine, the Memex. The Memex is usually viewed, unhistorically, in relation to subsequent developments using digital computers. This paper attempts to reconstruct the little-known background of information retrieval in and before 1939 when "As We May Think" was originally written. The Memex was based on Bush's work during 1938-1940 developing an improved photoelectric microfilm selector, an electronic retrieval technology pioneered by Emanuel Goldberg of Zeiss Ikon, Dresden, in the 1920s. Visionary statements by Paul Otlet (1934) and Walter Schuermeyer (1935) and the development of electronic document retrieval technology before Bush are examined.
 * Extracts


 * Berthold, A. (1938). "Selected biography on photographic methods of documentary reproduction." Journal of Documentary Reproduction, 1: 87-123.
 * Bryce, J. W. (1938). "Statistical machine." U.S. Patent 2,124,906. July 26, 1938.
 * Carruthers, R. H. (1938). "The place of microfilm in public library reference work." Journal of Documentary Reproduction, 1: 263-268.
 * Schuermeyer, W. (1936). "Mitteilungen ueber einige technische Neuerungen und Anwendungsmethoden fotographischer Hilfegeraete fuer das Dokumentarische Arbeiten." I.I.D. Communicationes, 3, Fasc. 1: 1-10.
 * Schuermeyer, W., & Loosjes, T. P. (1937). "Literatur ueber die Anwendung von photographischen Reproduktionsverfathren in der Dokumentation." I.I.D. Communicationes, 4, Fasc. 3: 23-29.
 * Schwegmann, G. A. (1940). "Microfilming in business and industry." Journal of Documentary Reproduction 3: 147-152.
 * Tate, V. D. (1938). "The present state of equipment and supplies for microphotography." Journal of Documentary Reproduction 2: 3-62.
 * Townsend, L. G. (1938). Method of and Apparatus for the Indexing and Photo-Transcription of Records. U.S. Patent 2,121,061. June 21 1938.
 * Wells, H. G. (1938). World Brain.
 * Zeiss Ikon AG. (1937). 75 Jahre Photo- und Kinotechnik; Festschrift herausgegeben anlaesslich der Feier des 75-jaehrigen Bestehens der Zeiss Ikon AG. und ihrer Vorgaengerfirmen 1862 - 1937. [?Dresden: Zeiss Ikon].
 * Zeiss Ikon AG. & Goldberg, E. (1938). Vorrichtung zum Aussuchen statistischer und Buchhalterischer Angaben. [German] Patentschrift 670 190. Dec. 22, 1938.


 * Other sources

Clarke
Arthur Clarke (1992). How the World Was One: Beyond the Global Village, history and survey of the communications revolution


 * ``The title includes an intentional pun; in English How the World Was Won would sound exactly the same.``
 * Cf. How the West Was Won (disambiguation)

Davies
Paul Davies (1992). The Mind of God: The Scientific Basis for a Rational World, Simon & Schuster
 * ``There is every reason to think that famous Einsteinisms like 'God is subtle but he is not malicious' or 'He does not play dice' or 'Did God have a choice in creating the Universe?' are pantheistic, not deistic, and certainly not theistic. 'God does not play dice' should be translated as 'Randomness does not lie at the heart of all things.' 'Did God have a choice in creating the Universe?' means 'Could the universe have begun in any other way?' Einstein was using 'God' in a purely metaphorical, poetic sense. So is Stephen Hawking, and so are most of those physicists who occasionally slip into the language of religious metaphor. Paul Davies's The Mind of God seems to hover somewhere between Einsteinian pantheism and an obscure form of deism - for which he was rewarded with the Templeton Prize (a very large sum of money given annually by the Templeton Foundation, usually to a scientist who is prepared to say something nice about religion). . . .`` -- from Chapter One of Richard Dawkins (2006) The God Delusion

Dreyfus
Hubert Dreyfus (1992). What Computers Still Can't Do: A Critique of Artificial Reason

Francis Fukuyama

 * The End of History and the Last Man
 * a book expanding on his 1989 essay "The End of History?" The National Interest


 * ``What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.`` (1989)
 * Cf. Samuel P. Huntington (1996) The Clash of Civilizations

Donald Knuth

 * Literate Programming
 * CSLI Lecture Notes, no. 27, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford, California


 * Cf. Literate programming, WEB, CWEB, TeX

Donella Meadows

 * Beyond the Limits
 * with Dennis Meadows and Jorgen Randers


 * Cf. Donella Meadows (1972) Limits to Growth

Allen Newell

 * Introduction
 * in: Mind Matters Symposium, May 26, 1992

"...I am by imprinting a physical scientist. That's what my undergraduate days as a physics major at Stanford did to me. That, plus a father who was a Professor of Radiology at Stanford Medical School and who idolized the physical sciences. With the hubris common to physicists, I have always felt that I have known what good science is -- it is theory cast in terms of mechanisms that describe how parts of the universe behave. With sometimes immense historical delay, these mechanisms always move towards being grounded in the larger mechanistic view of the universe. Theories always propose a view of how the universe is. They can never be effectively argued to be true, but only be brought before the bar of empirical evidence. All the modern concern for contextualism, hermeneutics and the social determination of meaning has its point, but is a mere footnote to the massive evidence for this view of science. The overwhelming success within this framework of modern biology over the last half century has provided another major confirmation, if one is needed. Someday we will get another striking confirmation from cognitive science. Though it can be argued that we are well on our way, we still have an immense distance to go. Arguments are no match for the evidence that cognitive science does not control its subject the way physics, chemistry and now biology do.

It follows for me that a theory of mind is embodied in our theory of matter. Matter matters to mind. To put it yet another way, the great scientific question about mind is how it can occur in our physical universe as understood by the all enveloping scientific view. This is not reductionism -- I'll take in any way it comes. Indeed, the modern computational view of mind, with its solutions to representation and intention, is distinctly not a simple reduction.

But it also true of me that mind matters. What is the nature of mind is the great scientific question....

I have pursued these matters since the fifties, in concert and colleagueship with many scientific friends along the way. From my own personal viewpoint this has been an immensely cumulative trip, in which the pieces of the scientific puzzle gradually, though hardly completely, have revealed themselves. Many in psychology, never having experienced cumulative predictive science, see it somewhat otherwise, with new paradigms and new questions moving to centerstage simply shifting the focus without cumulation. It has never seemed that way to me, though I have on occasion criticized cognitive psychology for the manner in which it fails to progress theoretically.

About ten years ago, in concert with John Laird and Paul Rosenbloom, matters seemed to come together."


 * Quote
 * died July 19, 1992 (aged 65)
 * Mind Matters: A Tribute to Allen Newell (1996) http://books.google.com/books?id=3D-KX8vZNccC
 * Unified Theories of Cognition (1990) http://books.google.com/books?id=1lbY14DmV2cC
 * The ZOG Approach to Man-Machine Communication (1979)
 * ZOG was an early hypertext system developed at Carnegie Mellon University during the 1970s by Donald L. McCracken and Robert M. Akscyn. ZOG was first developed by Allen Newell and George G. Robertson to serve as the front end for AI and Cognitive Science programs brought together at CMU for a summer workshop. The ZOG project was as an outgrowth of long-term artificial intelligence research led by Allen Newell and funded by the Office of Naval Research.
 * KMS (hypertext), a 1981 spinoff from ZOG
 * Knowledge management system

Rossman
Parker Rossman (1992). The Emerging Worldwide Electronic University: Information Age Global Higher Education, Greenwood Press.

Higher education is changing dramatically as a result of global telecommunications. This book surveys and synthesizes the material currently available on this important topic. Much of the volume provides detailed and fascinating information on experiments, organizations, and ideas related to computer networks and higher education. Other sections examine the electronic organization of knowledge, electronic textbooks, and the many ways in which students may use computer connections to enhance their educational experience. At the heart of the study is the notion of a worldwide electronic university in which students, faculty, and research libraries will be connected electronically across continents. The author begins by describing the early signs and origins of the emerging worldwide electronic university, such as the growth of courses made available through computer networks and television. He then considers some of the administrative issues involved and the responses of some corporations and organizations to those issues. The next few chapters describe and assess the value of educational exchange and the technology that makes that exchange possible. Other chapters discuss the linking of research libraries, the facilitation of international research, and emerging instructional issues. The result is an important guide to a topic of growing interest to educators and students alike.

Crispin Wright

 * Truth and Objectivity
 * Waynflete Lectures, given at Oxford


 * In general metaphysics, this is his most important work. He argues that there need be no single, discourse-invariant context in which truth consists, making an analogy with identity. There need only be some principles regarding which the truth predicate can be applied to a sentence, some 'platitudes' about true sentences. Wright also argues that in some contexts, probably including moral contexts, superassertibility will effectively function as a truth predicate. He defines a predicate as superassertible if it is assertible in some state of information and then remains so no matter how that state of information is enlarged upon or improved. Assertibility is warrant by whatever standards inform the discourse in question.