User:Kaheem2023/sandbox

What is Energy?
Scientists define energy as the ability to do work. Modern civilization is possible because people have learned how to change energy from one form to another and then use it to do work. People use energy to walk and bicycle, to move cars along roads and boats through water, to cook food on stoves, to make ice in freezers, to light our homes and offices, to manufacture products, and to send astronauts into space.

What is Potential Energy?
As we know, an object can store energy due to its position. In the case of a bow and an arrow, when the bow is drawn, it stores some amount of energy, which is responsible for the kinetic energy it gains when released.

Similarly, in the case of a spring, when it is displaced from its equilibrium position, it gains some amount of energy which we observe in the form of stress we feel in our hands upon stretching it. We can define potential energy as a form of energy that results from the alteration of its position or state.

Potential Energy
Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. Batteries, biomass, petroleum, natural gas, and coal are examples of chemical energy. Chemical energy is converted to thermal energy when people burn wood in a fireplace or burn gasoline in a car's engine.

Mechanical energy is energy stored in objects by tension. Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of stored mechanical energy.

Nuclear energy is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom—the energy that holds the nucleus together. Large amounts of energy can be released when the nuclei are combined or split apart.

Gravitational energy is energy stored in an object's height. The higher and heavier the object, the more gravitational energy is stored. When a person rides a bicycle down a steep hill and picks up speed, the gravitational energy is converting to motion energy. Hydropower is another example of gravitational energy, where gravity forces water down through a hydroelectric turbine to produce electricity.

Uses of  Chemical  Energy

 * Air bags are activated by a chemical reaction inside the bag. A sensor turns on an electrical circuit, and then sodium azide is ignited. The reaction that occurs generates nitrogen gas, which fills the bag at an extremely rapid rate.


 * Ammonia and bleach when mixed create a chemical reaction. Toxic vapors develop into a chemical known as chloramine vapor. This has the potential to form hydrazine which can cause edema, headaches, nausea, and seizures.
 * Baking soda and vinegar produce carbon dioxide gas when mixed. As this gas grows in volume, it puts pressure on whatever container it is in, and will erupt out of an opening in the container, creating a volcano effect. This chemical reaction is safe, making it a great science activity for kids.
 * Batteries have two terminals: the anode and the cathode. They're separated by an electrolyte, a chemical that allows the anode and cathode to transmit a charge. When something's connected to a battery, chemical reactions take place along the electrodes to produce electricity. Of course, you can't see the energy in the battery when the battery is just sitting around; it is when the electricity is produced that the energy is seen.
 * Explosives: when an explosive goes off, chemical energy that was stored in it is changed and transferred into sound energy, kinetic energy, and thermal energy. Just because chemical energy is being released, it doesn't mean an explosion will occur. But, when a solid material quickly changes into a hot, expanding gas, you may be looking at an explosion. Take TNT, for example. Two units of solid TNT can instantly change into 15 units of hot gas, creating a dark and sooty explosion.
 * Food: chemical energy in food is released when the food is digested and the molecules of food are broken down into smaller pieces. Our bodies digest food by mixing it with acids and enzymes in the stomach. This process turns carbohydrates into glucose. The stomach (and small intestine) then release that glucose into the bloodstream, serving as energy for our bodies.
 * Heating packs (used to warm up cold hands or soothe sore muscles) have chemicals inside them. A lot of them function by "cracking" (or bending) them. This is because they're filled with iron. Once you crack the heating pack, the iron is exposed to the air. As the iron reacts to the oxygen, it transforms into iron oxide, a chemical that can produce heat.
 * Petroleum is a combination of oil and natural gas made of hundreds of molecules containing carbon and hydrogen. When petroleum is a vapor, it's considered natural gas. When petroleum is a liquid, it's considered crude oil. We then extract that energy by burning it and using it to fuel cars, heat homes, and more.


 * Wood, when dry, stores chemical energy. This chemical energy is released as the wood burns, and it is converted into heat, or thermal energy. This also produces light energy. As a result of burning, the wood turns into an entirely new substance - ashes.

Uses of Mechanical Energy

 * Driving a car : The car possesses kinetic energy because of its mass and velocity. Hence it is an example of object having kinetic energy.Turning a door knob


 * Turning a door knob : requires rotational kinetic energy. The rotational speed of the door knob and its moment of inertia combines to give the rotational kinetic energy.


 * Hammering a nail: Hammering a nail can be an example of potential energy getting converted to kinetic energy. As the hammer lowers down, the potential energy decreases and kinetic energy of the hammer increases. This kinetic energy is then transferred to the nail which gets displaced inside the wall/wood.


 * Breathing Inhaling and exhaling is a result of contraction and relaxation of diaphragm. The process of inhalation and exhalation is an example of elastic potential energy.


 * Running and walking : Running and walking are examples of kinetic energy.


 * Aeroplane flying in the air: Aeroplane flying at a certain altitude has a potential energy. The magnitude of potential changes with the altitude of the aircraft. They both are directly proportional to each other.


 * Riding a bicycle : Riding a bicycle is an example of kinetic energy. Greater the speed of bicycle greater will be its kinetic energy.


 * Top spinning on the floor: A top spinning on the floor possesses rotational kinetic energy. The moment of inertia of the top and its rotational speed will give the value of rotational kinetic energy.


 * Suspension system used in automobiles: The suspension system used in automobiles have a elastic potential energy stored in them. This energy helps the automobiles to survive bumpy roads as the suspension system acts as a shock absorber.


 * Pendulum with to and from motion: A swinging pendulum is an example of potential energy being converted to kinetic energy throughout its course of motion.


 * Throwing a ball: Throwing a ball in the air is an example of energy conversion again. The ball’s kinetic energy is converted to potential energy when the ball reaches its apogee (maximum height attained). And then the potential energy is converted back to kinetic energy as it comes down.Using an axe for cutting tree: The axe possesses kinetic energy which is transferred to the tree for cutting.

Uses of Nuclear Energy

 * 1 Space Exploration: A great deal of what we know about deep space has been made possible by radioisotope power systems (RPSs). These small nuclear power sources are used to power spaceships in the extreme environments of deep space, RPSs are proven to be safe, reliable, and maintenance-free for decades of space exploration, including missions to study Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, and Pluto.


 * Nuclear Energy: Nuclear provides nearly 20% of our electricity in the United States. It’s also the nation’s largest source of clean energy—making up nearly 60% of our emissions-free electricity. That’s more than all of the renewables combined. The nation’s fleet of reactors also operates more than 92% of the time, making it the most reliable energy source on the grid by far—and it’s not even close.


 * . Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Approximately one-third of all patients admitted to U.S. hospitals are diagnosed or treated using radiation or radioactive materials.Nuclear medical imaging, which combines the safe administration of radioisotopes with camera imaging, helps physicians locate tumors, size anomalies, or other problems.Doctors also use radioisotopes therapeutically to kill cancerous tissue, reduce the size of tumors, and alleviate pain.


 * Criminal Investigation : Criminal investigators frequently rely on radioisotopes to obtain physical evidence linking a suspect to a specific crime. They can be used to identify trace chemicals in materials such as paint, glass, tape, gunpowder, lead, and poisons.


 * Agriculture: Finally, farmers can use radioisotopes to control insects that destroy crops as an alternative to chemical pesticides. In this procedure, male insect pests are rendered infertile. Pest populations are then drastically reduced and, in some cases, eliminated. Nuclear energy is also harnessed to preserve our food.When food is irradiated, harmful organisms are destroyed without cooking or altering the nutritional properties of the food. It also makes chemical additives and refrigeration unnecessary, and requires less energy than other food preservation methods.

Uses of Thermal Energy

 * Conduction: is the most common form of heat transfer, which occurs via physical contact: The internal energy transfers due to the microscopic collisions of particles and motion of electrons within a body.
 * Convection: is the transfer of heat from one region to another by the movement of fluids, such as liquids and gases.
 * Radiation: is the transmission of energy in the form of particles or waves through space or a medium. The hotter the object, the more it will radiate thermal energy.
 * Melting :The temperature of liquid drops as heat transfers from beverage to ice. The heat continues to move to the coldest area in the drink until it reaches an equilibrium. This loss of heat causes the temperature of the beverage to plummet.
 * Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a fuel and oxidant gas into electrical energy. When a fuel cell operates, a significant amount of input is used to generate electrical energy, but the remaining portion is transformed into thermal energy, depending on the type of fuel cell.
 * A solar cooker is a low-tech, inexpensive device that uses the energy of direct sunlight to heat, cook or pasteurized drink and other food materials. On a sunny day, it can achieve a temperature of up to 400°C.
 * A heat engine converts thermal energy to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. The engine takes the energy from being warm (compared to the surroundings) and turns that into motion.

Uses of Gravitational Energy

 * Stability of the Objects: The objects present on the surface of the earth do not levitate or float in the air. This is because of the presence of the gravitational force present between the objects and the earth. The cup that is kept on the table does not hover in the air and stays in the same position until disrupted by an external force. Similarly, gravity is responsible to keep other objects in a stable position.


 * Tides: Tides are the short term periodic rise and fall of water in oceans. These large waves are caused in the oceans due to the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun exerted on the water present in oceans. In absence of the gravitational pull, the oceans would be calmer as the size of the tides would reduce to one-third of their original height.


 * Daily Life Activities: A number of daily life activities involve the application of gravitational force. For example, playing, sliding, jumping, running, etc. are completely dependent on gravity. A child slides through a slide only due to the presence of gravity on earth. If someone tries to perform the same sliding process in the space, which is a zero-gravity region it would not be possible.


 * Fruits falling from trees: When the fruits growing on a tree get fully ripe, they tend to fall on the ground naturally. Interestingly, this process itself is responsible for the discovery of gravity. The idea of gravity hit Sir Issac Newton’s mind when he observed an apple falling from a tree. It was then that he pondered over the question that if the fruits fall from the tree, will the moon also fall. This iconic tale of Sir Issac Newton and the apple tree is very popular in the scientific world.


 * Pouring Drinks : The drinks poured in a glass stay to the base and do not rise up to the brim. The gravity or the gravitational force makes this possible. Pouring liquids in space or in zero gravity regions is a tedious task as no force pulls the molecules to the base of the container.