User:Kailynriedel/sandbox

Article Evaluation
''' Nice job with this evaluation! - Prof Hammad '''
 * Could have started out with a stronger introduction instead of the definition of the U.S. Census Bureau. I thought it was very useful for the author to provide citation sources from words such as, "American, people and economy" that lead them to the actual definition of demography. Demography correlates with the U.S. Census Bureau, so providing that extra information makes for strong facts. Overall, I think it would have been better if the topic orders were in a different order because in a way, I found it confusing when going from one topic to the next.  A lot of words within the topics such as the Legal mandate topic overuse citation sources. There was a couple topics that distracted me from the main point of the U.S. Census Bureau such as Computer equipment and Handheld computers. Instead of referring to the topic of Computer equipment, I would suggest introducing the History of the U.S. Census Bureau for a much more broader viewpoint on the past/history.
 * I think the article is very neutral in that the author does use academic language to support the main points. There is not much of an opinionated viewpoint, which should not be used in this type of Wikipedia article. I could not find much bias in the article overall, because it was well supported with facts proving main points.
 * Much of the article has viewpoints that are underrepresented because much of the information was not able to provide sufficient data for the U.S. Census Bureau. I do think it was a good choice to leave out statistics because there is not much to indicate within this given topic.
 * In my opinion, I was able to observe that not all of the citations and links work correctly. I believe that the author did not include all citations for all given facts.  Although, I did notice that the links with citations, were absolutely cited correctly in that they were credible sources as well.  As for the sources that were not reliable or credible sources for the article, they should be taken out.  They were sources that were not updated with current dates as they sound be updated articles, journals, websites and books up to a current date within about 5 years or so.
 * As I observed sources, I noticed some of them were cited, but still led me to the same article or just other Wikipedia articles.
 * I really think it would be useful and beneficial for the article to be presented in a different order with different topic titles. Information needs to be up to date and current.
 * Much of the information on the talk page is knowledge and advice I would agree with them to insert into the article to improve it. I feel as if the Race and Hispanic section is a main point that is not mentioned in the U.S. Census Bureau and should be incorporated. The article is also rated C-class (quality scale) and Low-importance (importance scale). As I am looking at the talk page, it is apart of at least 4 or 5 WikiProjects which also all have C-class ratings.
 * This article is much different than how we have discussed the U.S. Census Bureau in class. I find that it does not quite express the fact that it is considered a measurement as how we discussed it within Demography.  The article goes into more depth about the history and to which I find, less importance information about the U.S. Census Bureau than what I learned about in class, which I find useful.

Income and Fertility
Contribution:

Starting off as the first topic within the Income and Fertility article discusses the definition of Income and Fertility combined. I personally think it would be better if there were a section for Income on its own and then Fertility on its own. This would help readers get a clear understanding of each and then be able grasp a better understanding for the other topics further included. Right now, there is not much citation within the article at the beginning, and could use more outside, reliable sources to better the article. There are other topics being discussed, but have little to no information or citation to back it up. There should also be multiple sentences and paragraphs within each of the topics. Incorporating GDP (gross domestic product), the tempo effect, social and economic viewpoints and family size are all topics that would be additional information that would be worthy of talking about in more depth. ''' Excellent! - Prof H '''

Bibliography:
 * Weeks, J. R. (2016). Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues (12th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
 * PAGANETTO, L. (2016). Wealth, income inequalities, and demography. Place of publication not identified: SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PU. https://link-springer-com.aurarialibrary.idm.oclc.org/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-05909-9
 * Donaldson, L. (1991). Fertility transition: the social dynamics of population change. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. https://search-proquest-com.aurarialibrary.idm.oclc.org/docview/1934949768?pq-origsite=summon
 * Shin, I. (2016). Change and prediction of income and fertility rates across countries. Cogent Economics & Finance, 4(1). doi:10.1080/23322039.2015.1119367 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23322039.2015.1119367
 * Jones, D. (2010). Contraception and family planning among HIV-seroconcordant and -serodiscordant couples in the US and Zambia. Open Access Journal of Contraception,23. doi:10.2147/oajc.s7477 http://go.galegroup.com.aurarialibrary.idm.oclc.org/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T002&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CA524690794&docType=Report&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=&prodId=AONE&contentSet=GALE%7CA524690794&searchId=R1&userGroupName=auraria_main&inPS=true

Copy editing & adding to an article (Income and fertility)
 Income and Fertility 

- Many countries are experiencing a rather weak correlation with income and fertility within a given household. Families with a higher income produce a lower amount of children resulting in a low fertility rate whereas families with lower income produce more children with a higher fertility rate. Total fertility rate is specifically the number of children who would be born per woman if she were to pass through the childbearing years bearing children according to a current schedule of age-specific fertility rates. In developing or less developed countries, families need their children for labor and for economic support in the future. Many countries do not have proper pension policies, children are needed in order for the parents to have financial support in their old age.

 Paradox  The inverse relationship between income and fertility has been termed a demographic-economic paradox. Thomas Malthus, in his book An Essay on the Principle of Population, proposed that greater means (higher income) would enable the production of more offspring (a higher fertility rate). However, roughly speaking, nations or subpopulations with higher GDP per capita are observed to have a lower fertility rate (see the chart).

- Scientist called it the Demographic economic paradox for at which if you could afford more children, then why would not you have them. There is a list that goes on and on for the specific causes, but five are mentioned below:
 * 1) Women are more likely to be independent and not rely on others; therefore, if they make there own decisions, then they often want to have less children, and a career.
 * 2) With the rate of people going further into education and school, this allows people to obtain more education in that postpones the start of families.
 * 3) Many individuals are moving from rural areas into the city live so that families do not have to do intensive Agricultural labor work.
 * 4) Lessened childhood mortality in wealthier societies means that not as many children are dying at a young age, and therefore the imperative to have more children is reduced.
 * 5) The rate of public health is improving and leads to a longer life expectancy.  This ultimately means that less individuals are needed to do society work.

Overall, women are educated and therefore decide to pursue a career instead of having many children. Economic growth results in greater spending power in the areas of health, housing, nutrition, and education which further reduces the fertility rate.

Malthus held that in order to prevent widespread suffering, from famine for example, what he called "moral restraint" (which included abstinence) was required. The demographic-economic paradox suggests that reproductive restraint arises naturally as a consequence of economic progress. [[File:Thomas Robert Malthus.jpg|left|thumb|223x223px|Thomas Robert Malthus

Born: 13 February 1766 Westcott, Surrey, England

Died: 23 December 1834 (aged 68) Bath, Somerset, England ]] - Thomas Robert Malthus was born at Dorking, a place near london in the year of 1766. He was a student of the Enlightenment movement, who studied at Cambridge.

 Causes and related factors 

See also: Demographic transition

- Coale's Three Preconditions for Decline in Fertility comes from the saying ready, willing and able. Society changes that induce fertility declines may also induce fertility declines, but they will do so only if three preconditions are met: ready, willing and able. A person and the population must have a reason to want to limit fertility. If people have economic and social opportunities that make it advantageous to limit fertility they will be more willing to limit it. There must be economic and psychosocial costs involved such as the cost of birth control or abortions.

When looking at an individual level in advanced countries where birth control is the norm, increased income is likewise associated with decreased fertility. Theories behind this include:

- Gross domestic product stands for GDP, which is the total dollar value of all goods an economy produces over a given time usually expressed as a comparison to the previous quarter or year. If the year to year GDP is up 5 percent, then the economy has grown 5 percent. Income approach, adding up all earnings over a year, or add up what everyone spent, which is called the expenditures method. The income approach is described as the total employee compensation, gross profit for corporations and non-incorporated firms, and taxes minus subsidies. The expenditures method is more common and it specifically combines total consumption within households, and the total investment within a business. It also reveals how much money the government is spending and the Balance of trade. Another factor by which is not promptly supportive are the youngsters who play a role within GDP. They clearly do not add to it and do not help the stock and bond market returns. Youngsters are wellsprings of advancement, entrepreneurial souls and play a major incentive to GDP.
 * People earning more have a higher opportunity cost if they focus on childbirth and parenting rather than their continued career
 * Women who can economically sustain themselves have less incentive to become married.
 * Higher-income parents value quality over quantity and so spend their resources on fewer children.

- It is argued then that the poorer individuals have fewer children so that they can obtain more of other types of consumer goods. The wealthier, on the other hand, are able to obtain the consumer goods which they desire as well as to have more children. Generally, Developed country countries have a lower fertility rate while a less economic developed country has a higher fertility rate. You will find that in Japan a more developed country, the GDP of $32,600 in 2009 was 1.22 children born per woman. But in Ethiopia a GDP of $900 in 2009 was 6.17 children born per woman. The reason for more developed countries to have a lower fertility rate is because of the high standard of living which is expensive and in order to achieve that, they focus more on education rather than having a large family. Educated women and low mortality rate for children equals a smaller family and more self-centered people.

- The United States Census Bureau is a fundamental and critical data collection tool that is used specifically in demography. Censuses are a count of the population and not considered a sample. Since the end of World War II, the United Nations has encouraged all countries to take a census.

- Another way to look at it is through the demographic transition model to which was designed in 1929 by demography Warren Thompson who classified countries into three major groups. Number one being high births rates and high but declining death rates, number two was the decline of birth rates and death rates (death rates dealing faster) and number three was the rapid decline in birth death rates (birth rates decline faster). Consequences

- Across countries, there is a strong negative correlation between Gross domestic product and fertility, and ultimately it is proven that a strong negative correlation between household income and fertility. Richer countries have a lower fertility rate than poorer ones, and high income families have fewer kids than low-income ones.