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Chilean architecture is influenced by its history, religious culture and unique climate. In the history of Chile, it used to be a Spanish colony, and its architectural style was strongly influenced by Spanish design. Due to the unique geographical environment, Chilean architecture will be adjusted according to natural conditions. Its special geological structure makes Chile the country with the highest incidence of earthquakes and tsunamis, so Chilean architects have excellent experience in the application of structures and materials for earthquake, earthquake and post-disaster reconstruction.

History
Architecture contains important historical information and witnesses the changes of Chile's history. As an immovable culture, architecture has important value in the study of history and culture.

Early history
During Pre-Columbian era, the northern part of Chile was ruled by the Inca Empire and was influenced by Inca culture and developed rich handicrafts. Inca buildings are mostly stone structures, the main features of its architectural style are the use of land topography and existing materials as part of the design. The stones they used are of three types: green Sacsayhuaman diorite porphyry, Yucay limestone and black andesite. Each stone can weigh several tons. It was mined by the Incas with harder stones and bronze tools. According to the marks on the stones, they are mostly smashed into a certain shape rather than cut. Adobe walls were usually laid on stone foundations and the roofs are usually made of grass or reeds. These grass or reeds are placed on wooden or sugarcane poles, tied together with ropes, and fixed to stone walls with prominent stone piles. Most Inca buildings are simple and formal. They have similar appearance in design. They usually combine geometry with nature in combination with natural landscape. The building level of the Incas is very high. Most of the Inca buildings are very strong. They can even withstand earthquakes.

Spanish Colonial Period
In 1540, Pedro de Valdivia was sent to invade Chile, and towns such as Santiago and Concepcion were established successively. Thus Chile became a Spanish colony between 1540 and 1818. Therefore, Chilean architectures at that time were full of Spanish characteristics. One of the most famous architect Joaquín Toesca arrived in Chile in 1780 and was responsible for the renovation of the Mapocho river dikes, the La Moneda and the finishing of the new cathedral, which were the most important architectural works of the period. He introduced new and technically more complex masonry buildings.

Plaza de Armas
The Plaza de Armas is located in Santiago, the capital of Chile. In 1541 Pedro de Valdivia built the city Santiago and then ordered the construction of a weapon square in the centre of the city.

According to Spanish practice, the location of the squares of cities established in the Americas needs to be flat and open. The original square has a gallows that symbolises royal law. Usually, the buildings surrounding the square are the residences of churches, royal courts, state treasury, city halls, prisons, and dignitaries. At the beginning of the square, the central park was parked with wooden wagons loaded with agricultural goods, so the square also became the main trade market of the city. During the colonial period, some narrow and fixed stalls were formed, which formed some lanes around the square today. In 1860, influenced by the trend of Europe at that time, the square began to be gardened, and the centre opened a walking trail with green flowers and lush trees.



La Moneda Palace
During the Spanish colonial period, Palacio de la Moneda was once a coinage factory and one of the largest buildings built by Spanish colonists in the 18th century, not far from Plaza de Armas. This white building with a typical neoclassical style is now the presidential palace of Chile. The tall bronze statue of Allende stands on the Constitution Square outside the north gate of the presidential palace.

Iglesia San Francisco de Alameda
In Santiago, Chile, Iglesia San Francisco de Alameda, one of the oldest churches in Santiago, was built in 1622, but the bell tower was destroyed by the earthquake in 1647. After reconstruction, it was destroyed again by the earthquake in 1730 and was dismantled in 1751. The current clock tower was rebuilt by architect Fermín Vivaceta in the mid-19th century Victorian era.

After independence
In 1818, Bernardo O'Higgins officially declared Chile's independence and established a republic. As he proposed and promulgated some advanced clauses, such as abolishing nobility, developing public schools, allowing the spread of Protestantism and encouraging foreign trade, new ideas are penetrating into the framework of society and in architecture.

In the mid-19th century, French architect François Brunet de Baines was commissioned by the Chilean government to create a new generation of Chilean architects'education system. He personally directed and taught professional architect courses until his death in 1855. During this period, he completed a textbook on architecture, which is probably one of the earliest textbooks in Latin America. Lucien Hénault then took over from 1857 to 1872. As they both came from the Paris College of Art, Chilean architecture at that time was similar to French architecture.

At the end of the 19th century, more foreign architects arrived in Chile. Some of them were hired by the government, others set up private firms, which brought new forms and technologies to Chile. These changes are reflected in many public and private buildings. Ultimately, Chile became one of the most interesting and complex architectural styles in Latin America in the 19th century.

Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts
Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts was founded in 1880. Its shape is Baroque style, but it also contains new architectural structural elements. This is a new and old metal structure building. Its roof is made of light transmittance material, which is used to solve the lighting problem of the main building. Many excellent works of art are collected and protected in the museum so as not to be destroyed in exile, and different art exhibitions will be held regularly.



Central Post Office Building
Central Post Office Building was originally built as the private residence of the Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia. In the colonial period, it was the governor's residence. Since Chile became independent, it was used as the presidential residence until 1846, the government office and the presidential residence moved to La Moneda Palace, the current presidential palace. Shortly afterwards, the building caught fire, only several walls from the original building left behind.

In 1882, it was converted into a neoclassical building which was the predecessor of the Central Post Office building.

In 1908, to welcome the celebration of Chile's independence for centenary, the Central Post Office was added a third layer of French Neoclassical style and a dome by Ramón Feherman.

Religious buildings
Chile established Catholicism as the state religion in 1831. Most religions in Chile are Christian (68%), and it is estimated that 54% of Chileans belong to the Catholic Church and 14% belong to Protestant or Evangelical Churches, only 7% of the Chilean have other religions. Agnostics, atheists and those who disagree with any particular religion account for only 25% of the Chilean population. As a result, Chile has many Catholic church buildings.

The Churches of Chiloé
The Churches of Chiloé in Chiloe Islands are an outstanding representative of the unique Christian wood architecture of Latin America. These churches symbolize the cultural prosperity of the Chilean archipelago. They also witness the successful integration of local culture and European culture, the architecture and natural environment, and the organic value of local society. It is one of the most prominent styles of Chilota architecture. Unlike traditional Spanish colonial architecture, the Churches are made entirely of native wood and uses a large number of wooden tiles. These churches are built of materials to resist the humid and rainy ocean climate of Chiloe Archipelago.



Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral
Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral was founded in 1748, the original church had no bell tower. In 1780, the bishop recommended to the Spanish royal family the Roman architect Joaquín Toesca to repair the front of the cathedral and chapel. The cathedral was neoclassical in style. Two bell towers were completed at the end of 1800, one year after his death. There are three arched corridors in the church, each of which is more than 90 meters long. The remains of all Chilean bishops remain in the cathedral.

Geographical differences
As the narrowest country in the world, Chile has a unique geography. With a 4270-kilometre north-south span, Chile spans 38 latitudes and has 24 world-wide climates. As a result, the Chilean houses and buildings are adjusted to suit the natural conditions. In the dry north, materials such as stones, earth and straw are usually used, and the central areas are mainly clay and straw. In the rainy south, tiles and wood are used.

Chile is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, this special geological structure has made Chile the country with the highest incidence of earthquakes and tsunamis. This intense earthquake activity constrains the development of urban architecture, so the indigenous houses of the former Latino residents were built with half-timbered and smeared earthen walls (wood structures filled with straw and clay) because these walls are light and bouncy. Until 1541, the Spanish conquistadors came to Chile, and the first colonial buildings they built were highly vulnerable to earthquake activity. So in the next few centuries, after each earthquake, Chilean architects will continue to deal with earthquakes, earthquake and post-disaster reconstruction, and have accumulated many excellent experiences in structure and material application.

Chile's building codes require all buildings to survive the 9.0 magnitude earthquake. That is to say, the building may crack, tilt and even be declared unsuitable for future use after the earthquake, but it can not collapse. So in order to meet the government's requirements, the average cost of each building in Chile will be higher than in most other countries.

Strong columns and weak beams are widely used in Chilean buildings. They are supported by reinforced concrete columns and reinforced by steel frames. Before piling, the construction company will drill holes to measure the wave velocity and calculate the natural frequency of the building, so that the main structure of the building can swing freely with the seismic wave. Its design concept is to buffer and release seismic energy as much as possible, and to maximise the preservation of the building.



Gran Torre Santiago
Despite frequent earthquakes in Chile, Gran Torre Santiago, the tallest building in South America is located in Santiago, the capital of Chile. The building is 300 meters high, with 62 floors above ground and 6 floors underground. The height of each floor is 4.1 meters and the building area is 107.125 square meters. The designer not only increases the diagonal structure in the building to improve the building support force, but also penetrates the copper spring shock absorber into the main base and diagonal support steel column to cushion the damage of the building caused by the earthquake.

Modern architecture
Since the end of Pinochet's rule in the 1980s, a number of new architects have emerged in Chile, hoping to make new contributions to the construction of their motherland.

At the late 1990s, Chile's cultural atmosphere is becoming more and more open and inclusive. The state has begun to re-assume the responsibility of public affairs and restore the basic welfare of society. The government has begun to attach importance to and invest heavily in public buildings and social housing.

Quinta Monroy
Quinta Monroy Housing was built as a social security house for a slum in 2004 in Iquique, a city in Chile. The local government provided a subsidy of $7,500 to 100 families. Therefore, ideally, on 5000 square meters of land, each household can only build 36 square meters of housing, under normal circumstances, its cost is three times that of social security housing. So the challenge of this project is how to complete the construction of social security housing with limited funds.

Alejandro Aravena, the architect of this project, and his team have come up with a special type of building. As a building, they can use the land very effectively; as a house, they can allow further expansion. He provided these families with "semi-finished houses" that they could not build independently, while giving them space to improve their housing according to their respective economic conditions. Alejandro became the first Chilean architect that won the 41st Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2016 because of this design.



Templo Baha'i
Templo Baha'i is 30 metres high and 30 metres in diameter, and can accommodate 600 people. The most unique feature of this temple is its translucent reinforced concrete structure, which has an anti-seismic three-pendulum friction insulation system. The coating is made of marble and the outer coating is made of transparent molten glass.