User:KaleighSmith/new sandbox

= Autohaemorrhaging = Most animals that autohaemorrhage are insects.

Autohaemorrhaging has been observed to occur at two different intensities. Blood may be squirted toward a predator as a chemical defence mechanism, if the animal's blood contains toxic compounds. In the second form, blood is not squirted any distance, and it simply runs out of the animal's body. The second form is used by animals that do not appear to contain toxic compounds in their blood, and seems to serve a deterrent effect.

Some organisms have shown an ability to tailor their autohaemorrhaging response. Armoured crickets will projectile autohaemorrhage over longer distances when attacked from the side, compared to being attacked from an overhead predator.

(Maladaptive Aspects)

- "Autohemorrhaging behavior in the Cuban Dwarf Boa"

Insects
Five orders of insects have been observed to utilize this defence mechanism.

Beetles

 * Meloidae (blister beetles) – their haemolymph contains cantharidin that they sequester from plants on which they feed.
 * Timarcha species.
 * Chrysomelidae – their haemolymph contains anthraquinones.
 * Coccinellidae (ladybird, ladybug or lady beetles) – An alkaloid toxin is exuded through the joints of the exoskeleton, triggered by mechanical stimulation (such as predator attack).

=== Hemiptera ===


 * Cercopidae – including spittlebugs Prosapia bicincta and Prosapia ignipectus.

Hymenoptera

 * Sawfly larvae.

Orthoptera

 * Bushhoppers, such as Dictyophorus spumans, Phymateus viridipes and Phymateus leprosus – their haemolymph contains cardiac glycosides, sequestered from milkweed on which they feed.
 * Katydids, including Eugaster species.
 * Armoured ground crickets.
 * Enyaliopsis nyala.

Plecoptera

 * Stonefly larvae

Phrynosomatidae lizards

 * Horned lizard – At least eight species are able to squirt an aimed stream of blood from the corners of the eyes, up to 5 feet (1.5 m).

Snakes

 * West Indian wood snake, Tropidophis (a genus of dwarf boa), which expels blood from the mouth, nostrils and eyes when disturbed.
 * European grass snake, Natrix natrix (a colubrid) which secretes blood from the mouth and nose while playing dead.
 * Long-nosed snake, Rhinocheilus lecontei, is the only snake reported to expel blood from the cloaca.

Maladaptive Features
In some cases, the loss of haemolymph can be substantial. Beetles may lose up to 13% of their net body weight as a consequence of expelling haemolymph. Autohaemorrhaging may result in dehydration. The ejection of blood puts organisms at risk of cannibalism from conspecifics.

What I contributed to the article
Fixed broken link.

There are 2 main types of autohaemorrhaging.

Additional species: Long nosed snake.

Organized into sections based on insect vs. reptile. Added photos to distinguish 2 types.

Maladaptive consequences.

Physiological mechanisms (...)