User:Kamikokokokoko/Early iron age

right|thumb|300x300px right|thumb|413x413px right|thumb|300x300px right|thumb|413x413px The iron age is the third major archaeological period after the stone and bronze age. Its first stage was called the early iron age.

History
This was the name of an important period of human history, the beginning of which coincides with the use of this metal. B. Z. b. If we take the period from the beginning of the first Millennium to the present time, iron has become the basis of the material culture of mankind. All significant discoveries in the field of production technologies were associated with this metal.



The iron age is a new stage in the history of mankind, in which the most important socio-economic, political, demographic and technological changes have appeared. For the first time in the history of science, this period, the beginning of which coincides with the development of iron metal and its widespread use, for the first time to designate a permanent name "Iron age" in the mid-19th century. K. Thomsen (Denmark) recommended. In the period from the 1st Millennium to the present time iron formed the basis of material culture of mankind. All significant discoveries in the field of production technologies are associated with this metal. However, iron remained a less common and expensive metal for a long time. Only used.z.b. Only in the 1st Millennium saw the beginning of an extensive installation of iron metallurgy. At present, iron remains one of the most important metals created by tools, so now iron belongs to the era of the iron age. For this reason, in the historical and archaeological period, the names" the era of early iron"," the era of the middle Ages" relating to the subsequent period are used.

Iron is an unusual metal. Its melting point is higher than copper. Iron in nature is not found in purity. Due to the slowdown in its smelting, distillation of iron from raw materials is not easy.

The beginning of the iron age in Kazakhstan d. The dictionary has two-way translation.z. To VI centuries include: A chronology of the early iron age: b.z.d. In the dictionary implemented two-way transfer.z.d. III. Chronology of the late iron age: b.z.d. - Moscow: Education, 2003.z VI.

Farms
With the beginning of the early iron age in the life of the steppe ethnic groups in the Eurasian space began a realistic change. During this period, the tribes of herdsmen, herdsmen-Egorov, living in the East of Mongolia to the Western Danube, had to move to mobile types of livestock farms, based on a complex and rigid system of seasonal restrictions on the use of pastures and water sources.

New and modern Eurocentric Sciences called such specific forms of livestock development in the field "nomadic" semi-nomadic " economy.

The transition to new types of livestock development is the result of the economic development of the bronze age tribes living in special conditions of the steppe natural system. The foundations of this type of economy were laid in the last time of the bronze age, in Begazy-dandybay time. According to experts, the transition to mobile forms of cattle breeding contributed not only to the internal development of the steppe inhabitants, but also to the drought (aridization) of the steppes due to gradual climate change. At the same time, this switching was expressed in decimal, a huge progressive value, which allowed the fullest use of natural resources of the steppe.

Society
With the beginning of the early iron age in the steppes of Eurasia formed large tribal associations. Conflicts of their interests, original forms of relations with the settled people around led to the known militarized society. On the Historical stage appeared the tribes that the Greeks and the Persians called the Scythians, Sakas, savromats. As a result of close interrelation of ethnic relationship, level of development and a way of life the same, close cultures were created. In SKIF-Saka time in the material culture of the tribes there were specific types of weapons, horse equipment, widely spread a kind of art, called" SKIF-Saka hunting style." Sometimes this material culture of the inhabitants of the society of the early iron age is called the" Scythian Troika " (horse gear, weapons, hunting style).

Especially dynamically developed steppe inhabitants of the early iron age, flourished metal products, trade degradation. Formed a rich equestrian Quran tribal alliances: the kings, the owners of a military career. Large mounds "king", that is, items that together with the deceased large-scale man considered significant for its value - weapons, horse equipment, jewelry were buried together

In modern science say that the steppe society of the early iron age at the early state level was at the early state level, realizing the degree of development of the steppe peoples who lived in the 1st Millennium BC, Siberian scientists have proposed the name "steppe civilization".

Excavation
Monuments of Central Kazakhstan, included in this period, belong to the tasmol archaeological culture. A famous archaeologist of Kazakhstan, Almaty City M. Kadyrbaev,this chronological period of culture.z.d. It was founded in VII - III centuries and divided into two stages of development. Archaeological monuments, typical culture Tasmola, called the mound, "ustti". These complex ritual and burial complexes are formed of stone, as a rule, from three main parts: large, small mounds and semi-pure roads with a length of 60 to 200 meters. These "whiskers" are connected with the Mound and are constantly directed to the East. Under a large mound in the pit depth of two meters buried the body of the deceased. In a small Mound there are remains of a Horse frame, fragments of ceramic dishes. Sometimes there are traces of only coal and burnt soils.

What are the mustache mounds built for? We know the assertion about astronomical purpose Usovych mounds. Biologist and archaeology (enthusiasts) P. I. P. According to Marikovsky, mustache mounds were ancient observatories, used to observe the starry sky, the sun and the Moon, determine the time of year. "Mustache" complexes can be used for astronomical forecasts, but it does not matter in its construction. Sometimes such barrows are located in several kilometers from each other, in some barrows there were two Mustache Barrows. To observe the sky, when there is one Observatory, you need to build another? M. P. According to kadyrbayeva, stone assignee complexes were built for funerary rites and determined the fire tribes tasmola.

Currently, although arbitrary, was determined the basic scale "Usavich" barrows. As of today, more than 300 monuments have been identified on the territory of Kazakhstan. This information is updated annually. The main scale covers Central Kazakhstan and Northern Kazakhstan (Kokshetau), as well as steppe massifs of the Western part of the East Kazakhstan region (Abraly, Shyngystau, Shubartau). More than 80 % of the total number of barrows in Kazakhstan is concentrated in this territory.in this regard. The second part of the mounds (decrease by 20%) is located on the lands of Semirechye, Eastern, Western, southern Kazakhstan, including the territory of Eastern Kazakhstan. In General, speaking about the spread of" usutsich "barrows, refer to geographic concepts than administrative-territorial concept: basically, the scope of" usutsich " mounds coincides with area of detail of the Kazakhs.

Overall taskalinsky culture was studied on the basis of the materials of the mounds.

Data characterizing this culture, are three popular section:

(a) weapons;

b) horse utensils;

C) ritual objects, jewelry, household items.

In society Tasmola were the best masters of the stake. Almost all the leading categories of material culture are made of bronze. In addition, iron products (knives, napkins, yarn) should be made of the 1st stage (b).z.b. VII-VI centuries) the dictionary has two-way translation.

First-stage
Early stages (b. z. b. VII-VI centuries) double-barreled stem and somewhat long-barreled three-barreled arrowheads genetically originate from the arrows of Begazy-dandybay Culture. This period is characterized daggers to the face, head mushrooms, prefabricated boevski zone. To horse wParam include the mouth, three-hole bronze or bone tissues. From ritual hyphenated incur ring bronze mirrors with the back's surface crocheted,flat clip 4-6 stone altars. To this craft are the forms of Golden tiger bronze sculpture tauteke, bronze mirror with a relief of a boar and Bulan, Horny staples spiral boar. The sides are stylized in the form of a boar in a luxurious three-dimensional mirror. By the end of the early period there were multi-figure compositions prepared in a style called "Zoological". One of them, the view of the Horny brace-a monument "has altabel" distant Tuva. Found jewelry decorated methods vinegar, stamping.

Second stage
In the second stage (b. z. b. V-IV centuries) the subject culture has undergone some changes: formed ends bronze arrows with trencsenyi trunks, reduce the amount of mirrors was often used iron products.

Third stage
Third Argentinska stairs (b. z. b. The III-I centuries) ends with culture tasmola. At the same time, along with the preservation of some early elements of culture (arrow ends, mouth, stickers, etc.), we can assume that they are the earliest elements of culture.b.) especially in the funeral rite (sacrifice with the heads of animals inside the grave) were presented new discoveries.

Culture
Tasmol culture of the early iron age is typical for all regions of the Kazakh hills. On the investigated monuments. the Western border of culture of the territory of Ulytau mountain. to the South is dominated by North Betpakdala and North Balkhash, in the East-Shiderty. Along Bayanaul steppes further goes to the South to Chubartau. In these limits we know that Taskalinsky culture is studied mounds. In the future, there are areas where it is possible to detect these cultural monuments (steppe zone to the Shyngystau ridges).

In this orangeism the region sparsely settled tribes of the early iron age. The majority of the population is concentrated in mountainous regions. Uneven distribution of monuments in Central Kazakhstan, i.e. the settlement of tribes is observed between its Western and Eastern regions.

In the early iron age, in whom dwelt the tribes Tasmola, widely distributed new progressive view of the economy. It lasted in the III Millennium and became one of the main professions of the steppe inhabitants. The nomads mastered all the lands of the steppe and created their strong nomadic centers, which became the initiators of future nomadic empires.