User:Kamikokokokoko/Early iron age tribal unions

The article analyzes the scientific work of academician J. M. Abdildin Z. d. The beginning of the I Millennium and the beginning of our time. This period is characterized by the development of nomadic economy and the use of iron in their own production by people who inhabited the territory of Kazakhstan. B. Z. d. In the first Millennium, the vast territory covering Northern India, Afghanistan, Central Asia and the southern region of Kazakhstan was inhabited by tribes known as "Sak". Herodotus (b.z.d. V century) and other ancient historians called them "Asian Scythians". The main written data containing data on Association of NW, consist of two groups: 1) authors of the ancient era (Greeks) – Herodotus, Strabo, Xenophon, Ptolemy, etc. b.; 2) cuneiform left from the Achaemenid dynasty (ancient Persian) (cuneiform Behistun, etc.) b.). If Persian inscriptions use the name "Sak", the Greek data called these tribes" Asian Scythians". The Saka tribes were contemporaries of the Scythians who inhabited the Northern Black sea, along the Dnieper river, the Lower tributary of the Volga river and the savromats in the South Ural region, the Pars in the region of Cyrus and Darius I and the Greeks of the era of Alexander the great. They establish a close relationship with the ancient Parsees, etc. h.d. In VI-V century were also part of the Empire of Ahemenidov. In Achaemenid cuneiform are little reliable data about Saki. They will tell you about three groups of Sakas: haumavarga-Saki (Saki who made the drink haoma), tigrahauda-Saka (Saka rings), of Barataria-Saka (Saka across the sea). The first two groups Herodotus called” emurge-Saks “and” orthocarbonate-Saka". In science, there are various predictions about the concentration of these groups of Saks in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. According to one of them lived checkers (Tashkent region), in the territory of Northern Kyrgyzstan and in the South of Kazakhstan tigrahaud-Saks, which was a vast ethnic territory of Saka tribes, which included the southern Urals and The Altai mountains. In the Persian haumavarga clinics of the Saka tribes was called the biggest tribe or group of tribes, which in Greek sources called Lurgi-Saks. These Saks are located on the territory of ancient Bactria and Margiana (on the banks of the Amudaria and Murgab rivers). It was Saki who are familiar with the ancient Parsees. According to linguistic research, Saks is located on an ancient Iranian Park Central Asia.z.d. In the Millennium, I observed the division of Iran, namely the group of Eastern Iranian tribes. The Union of Saka tribes includes Massagets, Dai, issedons, arimasps, helmets, argipei, etc. b. it includes dozens of tribes such as. They are called in the works of ancient Greek authors. According to the forecasts of researchers, they are located on the territory of Kazakhstan: Massagets – in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya and in the southern and North-Eastern region of the Aral sea, dailar – in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, the Aral sea coast, issedons – in the valley of the rivers Ili and Shu, in the East to mount Tarbagatai, and some researchers, including M. G. Almaty Kadyrbaev places them on the space of Central Kazakhstan, arimas – on the territory of Eastern Kazakhstan, the Caspian sea, argipeiler – on the Northern coast coast of Kazakhstan. According to the data, Saks were engaged in animal husbandry, raised horses, cattle, sheep. There were three types of animal husbandry: nomadic, semi-nomadic, settled cattle breeding. Camel breeding in Saks developed in the Western and southern regions of Kazakhstan. They are well traveled by horse and had mastered archery. B. s.d. In the VIII-VII centuries there were tribes that inhabited Kazakhstan and Central Asia with the Assyrians and Medes, and etc. z.d. Late in the Achaemenid era, built from the middle of VI century, relations with Persia and interfered in many historical events of the period. Written and archaeological data z.b. VIII-VII centuries the Tribes that inhabited Kazakhstan and Central Asia represent the civilization of the ancient world-Assyria and media, and etc. z.b. In the mid-sixth century, the Achaemenid state since education was associated with Persia. Saki touched many historical events of the time. For example, Kir Saks cooperates and gets them to help in the fight against the king of the Medes Croesus. Later, Cyrus went on a campaign to conquer the Saka and Massagetae. But his campaign meets with a strong opponent, in the end, the Parsi who started Cyrus, failed, the troops defeated and he died. Herodotus gives the following legends: After the victory of Parsa, the king of the Sakas TUMAR (Tomiris), filling the blood in toric, and said, "you were suffering blood and now the blood of the desert!"he laid his head on Cyrus. The campaigns of Cyrus in Central Asia Darius I (BC)z.d. 521-486). B. s.b. 518 year of Darius, began a campaign against massaguet-Saks, but he also was defeated. The Greek historian Polien massaguet-Saks vs Crescent the following events lead parcalara on heroic. One of the Saka by the name of Shyrak aware of its own body with a knife, going to the Persians and manifests itself in a person's character, the victim of the chiefs of the Saka chiefs. Then candles, announced his desire to take revenge from their tribes, mislead, that is the Parsee that bring in the arid desert steppe. And here the majority of Parsis do not stand up to the desert. In order to protect his land from hostile invaders, Saka warrior made such a heroic feat. However, Darius I, despite the short term, conquers some Saka tribes, including haomavarga-Saks and some other tribes. These tribes were part of the XV satrapy of the Achaemenids (tax zone) and had to pay a fee-tax, but they were not paid in time and often had a gift character. Saks served in the army of the Achaemenids. Even some of them became part of a separate military team of the Persian king called "Ten thousand Immortals." B. s.b. It is known that at the end of VI century to the beginning of the V century there was large-the major political events associated with the beginning of the Greco-Persian wars in the ancient East. At the same time, some of the Saki tribes participated in these wars on the side of the Persians as allies and mercenaries. For example, in the battle about Gaugamela participated legalise Saks. The Greco-Persian wars (b.z.b. In 500-449) the defeat of the Pars. At the same time, in Greece, the economic and political crisis is worsening, and if the slave owners, the ways out of it understand the organization of aggressive campaigns to the East. B. s.b. In the 30s of the IV century the Greek Macedonians led by Alexander the great defeated the army of the last Achaemenid Darius Kodoman III and invaded Central Asia. In 1920 he received Marakanda (Samarkand), which went to the Syr Darya. The Greeks invaded the enemy, heroically peoples of Central Asia "financier" penetration foot. In the fight against the armies of Alexander the great at that time actively participated the inhabitants of the southern regions of Kazakhstan, including Massagets. Alexander the great during the crossing of the Syr Darya fell into the Saxon arrow and was wounded. While the Macedonians-the Greeks surrounded the city along the Syr Darya river in their rear the revolt and led it sleeps. Thanks to the support of the Massaget-Saks spita, he repeatedly destroyed the Macedonian-Greek troops, which were considered at that time undefeated. Only after three years of war, the Macedonian Greeks temporarily conquered some tribes and peoples of Central Asia. The Saka tribes of the Syr Darya have retained their independence. After the death of Alexander the great, his vast Empire disintegrated, as it merged with tribes and peoples without close economic and political ties. B. s.b. In the I Millennium Semirechiye and South Kazakhstan became the biggest hotbed of bright original culture of the ethno-cultural communities of the Saka of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, who inhabited a large group of Saka tribes belonging to the Saka-tigrao. Saka culture has become one of the achievements of culture and art of Central and advanced Asia. He noted that a large number of burial grounds belonging to the modern, from an early time fully developed in the South-East and South of Kazakhstan. Rivers Syr Darya, ili, Talas, Leps, Esik, Shelek, Charyn, Kegen, etc. b. in the river valleys are concentrated many stone and soil mounds. For example, burial Zhuantobe (left Bank of the river, or) – 300 burial mounds, burial Multi (valley of the Talas river) – 500 burial mounds in the valley of Ketpen-Toba (Northern Kyrgyzstan) - 700 burial mounds. They have people buried at different times and formed over hundreds of years. Barrows, considered as barrows "Tsar" up to 20 meters high, have no other regions of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, equal to Semirechye and southern Kazakhstan. In connection with the great discovery of such archaeological monuments S. M. P. Bernshtam will conclude that" Royal Saks and Usuns " lived in the seven rivers. B. Z. b. Large burial structures built from the logs of the Tien Shan pine logs of the Besshatyr burial grounds Dating back to the V century were found in excellent preserved form, which are unique monuments of ancient architectural art on the earth's surface in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. The burial ground of aksuyek-Saks in the "Issyk" mound, which is part of a large necropolis on the Northern slope of the TRANS-ili Alatau, leaves a plentiful wealth of funeral rites. His clothes from head to end are decorated with about 4000 bags and blades of six, most of which are made in the style of the "beast" of the SKIF-Saka period. Of particular importance is the silver bowl found in the door grave, at the bottom of which can be an inscription consisting of 26 characters on the name, alphabetic inscription. B. Z. d. The beginning of the first Millennium is marked by a new character of the process of disintegration of the tribal community in Saka society and the formation of the social structure.