User:Kamikokokokoko/Stone age

The stone age is the longest cultural and historical period in the history of mankind. It is divided into 3 stages (ancient, middle, new). About b. z. b. $ 1 million From 800 thousand to 8/7 thousand years. Monuments of the stone age are found from all regions of Kazakhstan. The study of the ancient period of the history of the regions, as a rule, begins with the history of mankind, that is, with the era of primitive construction. At this time, that is, in stone time, there was the formation and first development of material and spiritual culture of ancient people

Stages
The stone age of Kazakhstan is divided into the following periods (cultures)::

Paleolithic
Paleolithic. Old stone age.

(a) Olduvai (early or lower Paleolithic) - $ 2.6 million. - 700 thousand years.

b) Ashel - 700 - 150 -200 thousand years.

b) mustier (middle Paleolithic) - 150-200 - 35-30 thousand years.

C) late or upper Paleolithic-40-35 thousand years-p. z.d. 10-Millennium

Mesolithic
Mesolithic (middle stone age or period of transition from Paleolithic to Neolithic) - Sz.d. 10-7 millennia.

Neolithic
Neolithic (new stone age) - B. Z. d. 7-6-4 millennia. Along with such archaeological terms, there are geological and nominal signs of those eras. All stages of the Paleolithic belong to the Pleistocene, and the Mesolithic and Neolithic - Holocene.

Peculiar properties
A special era that passes between the stone age and the bronze age is called the Aeneolithic. The boundaries or chronological limitations of this period are not yet fully defined, although it is approximately-BZ.d. 4-3-2 thousand years

Old stone age
The ancient stone age is the initial time of formation of the person and his economy. In the Paleolithic era, public organizations of people have passed a very difficult and long way of development. At the initial stage, a wild pile was formed. It corresponds to the early ashel. During this period, the prerequisites for the emergence of a new social organism, that is, the first communities, were gradually formed. In fact, the most Mature forms of the first community are formed only in the late Paleolithic. He, according to many researchers, was one of the first obvious signs of progressive development and Neanderthals, with a period of transformation of Neanderthals into the modern type of man.

The oldest reliably dated culture
Olduvai culture is a time when there was an ancient man ("business man") called" Homo habilis". The Olduvai period has its duration (about 2 million us dollars). and other stages of the Paleolithic.

The main part of the stone products were chips, and the tools were choppers and choppers in accordance with the culture of the period. In English, chopper and chopping mean "switch", "axe", "cutting mechanism". Chopper is a cutting tool made from cutouts of takyr stone (river round stone or stone stones), or from shavings of thick stone, with convex or flat cut, treated with only one surface (side), with roughness. In chopping-it is similar, but rough means, processed both sides. Under the chips are meant mainly types of waste produced by the processing of stones, but tools and hunting and stone products from them are erroneous. For the manufacture of finished products used a hammer for a stone chisel.

In The Olduvai era, people did not yet know to use fire.

Ashel culture
Ashel culture is divided into 3 stages: early, middle and last ashel. Early Acheulian sites as Olduvai sites, choppers choping, etc. b. met. But here began to to emerge a new, taken the unusual tool-brush.

In the Paleolithic literature, the term "bifas" is often used to refer to a tool for processing both surfaces instead of the term "cap". But the term "bifas" is a broader concept than "brushes". They are characteristic and occur in the middle, late acheul and mustier, and were not used for cutting, cutting, shearing and due to the tips of the trunk. In addition, now there will be a tool for cutting down stone products - jib. Like the scar, it also refers to the instrument allocated on both sides, that is, to the biface. In the literature on Paleolithic livery sometimes called a cross blade, cutter.

.However, the bulk of the early asheld artifactory stone cutting, scraper, t hammers.b. funds made up of chips that can. People of this period were engaged in hunting, set. Experience with fishing and collecting marine shellfish, now familiar with fire. The early age of ashel is 700-300 thousand years.

Middle and last ashel
The middle and last Ashel (b.ZD. (300-150 thousand) in stone collections all tools of work and hunting of the previous era remained, but there are new progressive signs of their production. This first manifested itself in recurrent scars. Later technical progress was observed, especially in the levallu stone processing technique and on the levalluin nucleus, chips and plates. What is the meaning of Levallois technology? In this case, before you start to break the chips and plates, which subsequently turn into tools, First nucleuses could be carefully carved on all sides. Here was the main feature of this technique.

Distribution levalloiso techniques for ancient Paleolithic was the largest technical revolution. In the middle and the last stone collections Acheulian stone appeared fine guns, formed in the last century-scraper, blade, etc. b. in the dictionary implemented two-way translation On the monuments of this period, stone balls, spears, etc. b. found.

Distribution levalloiso techniques for ancient Paleolithic was the largest technical revolution. In the middle and the last stone collections Acheulian stone appeared fine guns, formed in the last century-scraper, blade, etc. b. in the dictionary implemented two-way translation On the monuments of this period, stone balls, spears, etc. b. found.

During the transition from ashel to must, there were changes not only in the construction of people, but also in the technique of stone processing, in living conditions, in the economy. Levalloisian technique became prevalent in the manufacture of stone products. For a long time in Moustiers, it was recognized that only three types of stone tools - Moustiers pointed instrument, muscleboy scraper and two jaselnogo the surface of the latter type have been processed in small paints. But long-term studies of scientists indicate that in Moustiers had a few dozen different items, some of which are slotted and notched tools, scrapers, cutters, cracks and other.

The first hunting farm in Moustiers was to achieve a high level, its value in relation to tamilnet increased significantly. Progress in hunting can be seen due to the large number of animal bones found in the Parking lots. In addition, in the present time have gained experience in poultry and fisheries.

In the era of moustier also changed the nature of habitat. People still continue to place their settlements in the open air, along the river, and often go under the rocks to the cave.

The last Paleolithic
Recent Paleolithic (40-35 thousand years-R. s.d. 10-Millennium). It was a time of widespread human placement on the globe climatic zones and the formation of racial, racial groups.

It is possible that there is a direct link between the appearance of a man capable of thinking and the further development of the material and spiritual culture of human society in the era of the last Paleolithic. This phenomenon is closely connected with the advanced development of social relations, the process of formation of the tribal society, the appearance of the first exceptional form of social organization in the collective of people-the helm (the first kindred kind). It is assumed that the sister organization was everywhere systemic and maternal, and the woman is in a higher place in society. Thus, maternal kinship formed an exogamous group of people who are United by kinship between themselves and kinship, calculated by the mother. The high position of women in public life was based on the characteristics of the community economy in the family, the role of women, which continue to develop.

.Not by chance the custom to worship the women, who was not only her supervisor but also the guardians of the prosperity in the ideological knowledge of the ancient people, is not a random phenomenon.

In the era of the last Paleolithic it became more difficult to know the world of people. In this time widely spread bear magic, occurring through faith in ordered animals by mastering the their video-the nature. As a universal instrument of this rite, that is the magic of hunting, we can assume that at the time of the first community-based art. Its main theme is to display different animals. there was ornament and sculpture (sculpture). Among the works of the first art are distributed figures of women carved from bone or soft stone, reflecting the well-being and welfare of the Holy places, the mother.

The concept of the life of the soul and man after death, as a continuation of life on earth, has led to the emergence of complex traditions. The body of the deceased was sprinkled with red mineral paint, in the chest of which jewelry from perforated shell films and predator's teeth was worn, bracelets from the mammoth were put on the ropes, clothes are embroidered with beaded chains. When a man buried, he combined with him products made of stone and bone.

Mesolithic
Mesolithic (middle stone age or the period of transition from Paleolithic to Neolithic) is characterized by a very high development of the technique of separation of knife plates, including micro plates. This period is very widely spread tools manufacture of knife shape plate.

Tooling
The production of various microlites, including geometric image tools - segments, trapezoids, triangles, rectangles, parallelograms-is widely developing. Develops microlana technique used for making microliths. Widespread cutting tools such as axe, bill axe, chisels, macrolite special tools - hoe, Kayla.

In some Mesolithic cultures there are techniques of grinding stone weapons, drilling and sawing equipment.

Compared to the Paleolithic is formed a variety of the bone industry. At sites of Mesolithic time harpoons of various bones and horns, the ends of the bows and sawn-off shotguns, knives,daggers, axe and the bill and couplings, TB. a lot found. Some types of these funds are made only in the Mesolithic.

The nature of art has also changed. Decreased slightly the writing on the rocks, typical of the latest Pleistocene. The art direction is increased conditionally adequate character. Geometric patterns are widespread. The main elements of the ornament are various of lines, dots, stray, "Christmas trees", zigzagi, mesh, etc. b. in the dictionary implemented two-way transfer In the conduct of the ornament often used the technique of excavation and drilling. Small plastic consisting of zoomorphic and anthropomorphic images is widely spread.

Өткен палеолитпен салыстырғанда қоныстар да өзгерді. Көптеген мезолит қоныстары нашар өніммен, жұқа мәдени қабатпен сипатталатын уақытша, маусымдық учаскелерде жиі тұрды. Ірі қоныстар өте сирек кездеседі. Қазба кезінде табылған үйлердің қалдықтары әдетте Түркияда, ал соңғы палеолит үшін тән жертөлелер немесе жартылай жертөлелер тек солтүстіктегі суық аудандарда кездеседі.

Culture
These are the differences of Mesolithic material culture. It is characterized by the further development and change of some Paleolithic technical and technological methods, as well as the spread of methods for the development of new types of tools that appeared in the Mesolithic.

The basis of the economy remains hunting (no doubt that with the past there is a great continuity between the two countries). But his character is changing rapidly, as compared with the last Paleolithic changes and the method of human adaptation to the environment. The largest discovery of the last Paleolithic is the Mesolithic Bow, which is fully formed as the main hunting weapon. In the last Paleolithic develop critical tools that are completely unknown, their variety is distributed. The objects of hunting on the Mesolithic are formed depending on the location of the Turks living in the Mesolithic culture, that is, depending on the specific ecological environment. The most common method on the Paleolithic-hunting is preserved, but there is only an episodic form. In the last Mesolithic hunting appeared new special forms, such as catching birds. The development of such hunting farms was not familiar to the Palaeolithic. During this period the economy which is not making, that is receiving production only from the nature, was developed. The prerequisites for the level of collection of surplus products characteristic of the Neolithic economy are now emerging.

At the same time, the Mesolithic fishing is formed in a straight line, which indicates the emergence of such important news as the boat, the creation of various yards. In the Mesolithic some forms of animal training at home may start from the field, as it is well known that common domestic dog.

Thus, in economic terms, the Mesolithic has many differences, clearly manifested methods of hunting with the last Paleolithic, its species, the emergence of new types of economy.

Neolithic
The beginning of the Neolithic period b.z.d. Corresponds to the second half of the 7th Millennium and the beginning of the 6th Millennium. This is the time of flowering stone processing techniques. Conducted a huge specialization in the production of labor. Along with the improvement of pressing technology, new technological methods of stone processing have been fully formed: polishing, drilling and sawing. Started to create stone axes, bills, dryers, kg, Kelsey. Jade, Jasper, serpentine and other stones were made many ornaments - bracelets, Alki

Farms
One of the most important features of the Neolithic is the emergence of cattle breeding and agriculture, which replaced the economy of obtaining finished products in nature. The emergence of these new types of economy was of great importance in the development of human society, expanded the scope of human labor and qualitatively changed its character.

The history of human economic development in thousands of years, first of all, is closely connected with the history of improvement of these two farms.

The achieved level of development of the population during the Neolithic period led to the emergence of other cultural and household innovations. At this time, mining begins. Develops ceramic water Lily, weaving. In the social conditions of the Neolithic there was a tribal society, which reigned common ownership of the means of collective labor and production. At the same time, during this period there was a high development of forms of social organization: tribes or tribal associations were created. Tribes consisted of several tribal societies, i.e. tribal.

Culture
In the era of this Neolithic were created the initial prerequisites or foundations of a new level of culture of the future, ie developed society of the bronze age.

In the literature, the radical change of this period in the Ancient tribal economy was called the "Neolithic revolution". The transition to feed production, the conscious cultivation of edible plants, especially cereals, the training, cultivation and sorting of animals were the greatest economic revolution in human history after the development of fire. He opened up the possibility by providing them with excellent opportunities to use reliable and rich sources of feed, which he required only effort on his part.

Neolithic tribes Neolithic tribes were heterogeneous in different cultural areas of this era. There have been no significant changes in the steppe zones, where hunting and fishing are still the main source of life. Continental weather did not allow to create conditions for population growth, and here natural resources ("ready-made food sources") reached full compensation of needs of the population.

Camps
In the Neolithic on the territory of Kazakhstan are widely distributed in the streams of the Parking lot because it's arid regions, a network of large rivers is unlikely. Parking in the Springs are temporary, seasonal. One of the features of Neolithic monuments in arid Kazakhstan is the presence of a large number of open-type sites.

At all sites found stone tools of local material: the ends of the bow and spear, ax, chisel, knife, scraper. In the manufacture of certain tools there was a selection of stone in the part. The variety of raw materials influenced the development of various technical methods in their processing and improvement. Neolithic monuments in Kazakhstan are divided into several territorial groups, which by culture can correspond to the areas of habitat of related tribes.