User:Kanjuzi/sandbox 4

Chichewa workshop


 * Conco cingakhale bwino kuti inu mutafika kuno mwamsanga kuti mudzawatenge, mudzawayeseko cipatala cauko ku Kitwe cifukwa ife talema kuwapereka kukiliniki kwa Kunda kwa Kwenje.”


 * M’mwezi wa July, 2004 mwana wanga atagonekedwa kuchipatala Tsiku lina chakumadzulo ndinkakonzekera kukamuona mwanayu pamene ndinalandira telefoni yochokera kwa mchimwene wanga Richard Mapondera amene ankakhala ku Blantyre.


 * Patangopita mphindi makumi asanu chidutsireni minibasi yopatsa mantha ija, Mwatibu analandira lamya.

Infinitive
 * makolo a malemuyo anakangana mpakana kufika potukwanizana pokanganira kumudzi koti akaike zovutazo.


 * anatibulana mpakana kung’ambirana zovala zonse.


 * sakadachitira mwina koma kugwa naye m’chikondi mpakana kufika pomanga naye banja.


 * chindeucho chinapitilira mpakana kuvulazana kwambiri.


 * Masamba adalenguka ndi zibakera mpaka kugwa, osadzukanso.


 * Atafika komwe kunali mwamunayo anangokankha chitseko chanyumbayo mpaka kukalowa kuchipinda.


 * Sankhulani anakangana ndi bwenzi lake pankhani zodziwa okha mpakana msungwanayo kuthetsa ubwenziwo.

Subjunctive:
 * mayiyo ananenetsa kuti sapereka ndalamayo komanso satsika minibasiyo mpakana akafike ku Chirimba.


 * ophwanya malamulo ayenera kusungidwa ndi apolisi mpaka akaweruzidwe kukhoti.


 * Ine ndinasankha kupita ku Misuku. Tinauzidwa kuti kulibe network ya foni choncho sitidzatha kuyankhula ndi anzathu panthawi yonse tidzakhale kumeneko.

-nga-:
 * wati Banda sadalakwe kuti mpaka angachotsedwe pa udindo wake ngati wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti.

-ta-:
 * iye amakhala akupha mkonono mpakana nthawi yoweruka itakwana.


 * gwiritsani ntchito kondomu mpakana mutadziwa za momwe mulili.

-na-/-da-:
 * padabuka chipwirikiti mpaka anthu pafupifupi 26 adamangidwa.


 * maiyo anayamba kusanza mpakana anasanzira kileti yonse ya mowa.


 * Anadikirabe mpakana nthawi yoweluka inakwana.


 * Ukali wanga udasefukira mpakana ndidadzambatuka kukaotcha nyumba ya gogo wina wa mkazi yemwe ndinkamuganizira kuti adalodza mchimwene wangayo.


 * mkazi wake adayamba kumva chibayo mpaka adatengeredwa kuchipatala.


 * Mmbuyomu, Kamtondo adalumidwapo ndi njuchi zingapo mpaka adakalandira thandizo kuchipatala.


 * ndidalumira mano mpaka adandivomera kukhala bwenzi lake mu 2008.


 * Ubwenzi wa awiriwo unakula mpaka onse anasankhilidwa ku sukulu zosiyana za sekondale.

-ma-
 * idati anthu m’dzikolo amalemekeza nyama kwambiri, mpaka amazitenga ngati milungu.

-kufikira-:
 * Kupyolera m’mabuku otere, timamva momwe iwo akhalira kufikira pamene alilipo.


 * a Zambia anali ndi puleya otchedwa Godfrey Chitalu amene ankaganiza kuti atenga chikho kufikira pamene Kinnah Phiri anachinya chigoli chopambanitsa Malawi.


 * Ndimathokoza Mulungu chifukwa makolo anga amakwanitsa kundipatsa zosowa zaanga kuyambira nditangoyamba sitandade wani ku Catholic Institute (CI) mumzinda wa Blantyre kufikira pomwe ndinakapitiriza maphunziro anga ku sukulu ya ukachenjede ya Polytechnic.


 * mtima wanga sunali m’chimake kufikira pomwe ndidayamba kupeka nyimbo za uzimu m’chaka chomwecho.


 * Koma banjalo lidagwa pamapazi a nyakwawayi kufikira pomwe idawalora kupereka mbuzi imodzi basi.


 * Zidandivutirapo kutsitsa Chichewa tsikulo kufikira pomwe adandipatsa nambala yake ya lamya.


 * Mesn idapempha Mutharika kuti zisankho zikhalepo chaka chomwe chino, kufikira pomwe Mutharika walengeza za 2014.


 * Kufikira pomwe biloyi ingasanduke lamulo, anthu ali ndi ufulu wothamangira kumabwalo kukapeza chiletso kuti boma lisapitirire ndi maganizo ena kufikira mabwalo atamva komanso kuunika zodandaula za yemwe wapeza chiletsocho.


 * Iyo inati bwalolo linapereka mwanayo kwa Kalumphankwinya pozindikira kuti panapita chaka chathunthu banja la moyenda lilibe mphatso kufikira pomwe mkazi wake ananena kuti Kalumphankwinya anamugwilirira.


 * Nditafunsa bambo akunyumba za nkhaniyi nawonso anavomera ndipo banja lathu linatsala pang’ono kusokonekera kufikira pomwe bambowo anandifotokozera bwinobwino kuti anachita izi chifukwa a Moyenda anali nzawo kwambiri.


 * Kuyambira pa 16 Okutobala, 2004 gogowa adayamba kukatenga ndalama koma amapita ndi Aubrey Nampinga, mchimwene wa Magret, kufikira pomwe Aubrey adayamba kupita yekha chifukwa chaukalamba wa gogowa.


 * awiriwa anayamba kucheza bwino kufikira pomwe ubwenzi wawo unayamba.


 * Sindinkadziwa kuti nawo mtedza umalira kugwetsera kufikira pomwe ulangizi wapawailesi udandizindikiritsa kuti manyowa ogwetsera amachititsa kuti nthaka ifewe ndipo mtedza utakasuke.


 * Pang’ono ndi pang’ono zidayamba kumusokonekera Phuzo, kufikira pomwe adagwanso pa umphawi wa dzawoneni.


 * Ukwatiwo udakhala ndithu kufikira pomwe mwamunayo adagwira uthenga wodabwitsa pa lamya wa m’manja wa Mphatso.


 * Chiyembekezo sanakhulupirire zomwe anamvazo kufikira pomwe anakapeza Mphatso m’chitokosi pa mlandu wotaya mwana m’chimbudzi.


 * Ubwenzi udazilala kufikira pomwe tidathamangitsidwa m’mbali mwa msewu.

Apa ndi pomwe.
 * Apa ndi pomwe Simsamala adakumbukira kuti mwana wake wina yemwe adali ku sukulu yogonera konko adali asadamulipilire sukulu.


 * apa ndi pomwe chipwirikiti chinabuka pa malowo.


 * Apa ndi pomwe Esther adalowera ku Thyoloko.


 * Apa ndi pomwe tinapeza katunduyu atakutidwa ndi masaka.


 * Apa ndi pomwe ife tinalowelerapo ndikuwatsekera mchitokosi.


 * Tsono apa ndi pomwe akuluakulu ena adabwera ndi mawu.


 * apa ndi pomwe adazindikira kufunika kwa chala chomwe pa nthawiyi chidali chitaduka.


 * apa ndi pomwe padabwelera mwambi wakuti galu wamkota sakandira pachabe.


 * Apa ndi pomwe adakumbukira mawu a Likisho chadzulo lake amumwa mowa pa Phalombepo.


 * Apa ndi pamene moto wamatayala udabuka pa Wenela!


 * Apa ndi pamene mwana wanga adayitana apolisi amene adadzatenga asinzinantole awiriwo.

Panthawiyi nkuti
 * Panthawiyi nkuti mdima utatenga malo ndipo a minibasi ambiri adali ataweruka.

-chi-:
 * patenga nthawi yaitali dzikolo chitengere World Cup.

Noun classes
Chichewa nouns are grouped into different 'classes', according to the verbal and adjectival concords which agree with them. Malawians themselves refer to these classes by the prefixes; for example, munthu 'person', plural anthu 'people' is said to belong to the Mu-A- class. Foreign scholars use numbers which are also used in describing other Bantu languages; for example munthu is class 1 and anthu is class 2.

The classes tend to have semantic properties in common. For example, most words referring to humans are in class 1 (there are some exceptions, such as mfúmu 'chief'); trees are often in class 3 (again with exceptions); diminutives, such as kamwaná 'baby', are in class 12, and so on. With some nouns (such as malayá 'shirt' or 'shirts') the same class is used for both singular and plural.

Class 11 (Lu-) is not found in Chewa. Words like lumo 'razor' and lusó 'skill' are considered to belong to class 5/6 (Li-Ma-) and take the concords of class 5. Class 14 (Bu-) was used in the 19th century but is now obsolete except in one or two isolated idioms.

Foreign words borrowed into Chichewa tend to be put either in class 1, class 5, or class 9, but sometimes in 6 or 7.

Some examples of nouns in the different classes are given below.

Class 1/2 (Mu-A-)
Words in this class with the prefix m- or mu- all refer to people:
 * munthu 'person', mwaná 'child', mphunzitsi 'teacher', mkázi 'wife', mlimi 'farmer', mkúlu 'official', mwamúna 'husband', mnyamatá 'boy', mnzánga 'my friend', mtsíkana 'girl', mwiní (plural ení) 'owner (of)', Mmaláwi 'Malawian', mbúsa 'pastor, minister', mneneri 'prophet, spokesman', mlendó 'stranger', mchimwené 'brother', mbalé 'relative', mpóngozi 'mother-in-law', mlónda 'watchman', mzungu 'white man'
 * Mulungu 'God' (but plural milungu 'gods')

Words in this class without the prefix m- are sometimes referred to as class 1a:
 * bambo 'gentleman' (plural azibambo), máyi 'mother, woman', wápólísi 'policeman', námwali 'initiate', síng'anga 'witch-doctor', malúme 'maternal uncle', katswirí 'expert'
 * fúlu 'tortoise', kalulú 'hare, rabbit', fisi (físi) 'hyena', kadzidzi 'owl'
 * kabudula 'pair of shorts', kachere 'strangler fig tree'

The following have plural ma-:
 * bwána 'boss', dókotala 'doctor', gúle 'dance', lamba 'belt', lóko 'lock', kíyi 'key'

Some have no plural, especially borrowed words:
 * katúndu 'goods', mwayi 'luck'
 * pétulo 'petrol', tomáto 'tomato(es)', feteréza 'fertilizer', fódya 'tobacco', ányezi 'onion(s)', tíyi 'tea', shúga 'sugar', kábichi 'cabbage(s)', sópo 'soap', pánti 'underpants'

The class 2 prefix a- is used to make the plural of nouns which refer to humans or animals. It can also be used for respect with a singular meaning: aphunzitsi áthu 'our teacher':
 * anthu 'people', aná 'children', alimi 'farmers', anzánga 'my friends', alendó 'strangers, guests', ápólísi 'policemen', asíng'anga 'witch-doctors', amúna 'men', akalulú 'hares', afísi 'hyenas'

Class 3/4 (Mu-Mi-)
Except for mkángo 'lion', words in this class almost never refer to humans or animals:
 * mudzi 'village', mundá 'garden', moyo life', mwambo 'custom', mtíma 'heart', mlandú 'court case', mutú 'head', mwezí 'moon, month', mténgo 'tree', mtengo 'price', mpíngo 'group, congregation', mtsínje 'river', mtundu 'kind', mzinda 'city', mpira 'ball', mpando 'chair', mwalá 'stone', msewu 'road', mwendo 'leg', msonkhano 'meeting', mzímu 'spirit', mtúnda 'land, distance', mpikisano 'competition', mchére 'salt', mphasá 'reed mat', msinkhú 'size, age', mlomo 'lip', msónkho 'tax', mzere 'line, ridge', mdíma 'darkness', mkángo 'lion'

The following have no plural:
 * mkaka 'milk', mowa 'beer', móto 'fire', mtendere 'peace', bowa 'mushroom(s)'

Other words in class 3 have the plural prefix mi-:
 * midzi 'villages', miyoyo 'lives', miyambo 'customs', mitíma 'hearts', mitú 'heads', miyezí 'months', miténgo 'trees', mikángo 'lions'

Class 5/6 (Li-Ma-)
Class 5 words mostly refer to things. The plural (in brackets) is often phonetically irregular:
 * bóma 'government', dzíko (mayíko) 'country', tsíku (masíku) 'day', búngwe 'organisation', bánja (mabánja or maánja) 'family', lamulo 'law', khólo (makólo) 'parent', dzanja (manja) 'hand', vúto 'problem, difficulty', gulu 'group', díso (masó) 'eye', dzína (maína) 'name', dzíno (manó) 'tooth', ganizo 'thought', thupi (matupi) 'body', dera 'district', thumba (matumba) 'pocket', lusó 'skill', khalidwe 'behaviour, character', phunziro 'lesson', funso 'question', séwero 'game', tsamba (masamba) 'leaf, page', khosi (makosi) 'neck', dzúwa 'sun', gáwo 'part, share', phindú 'profit', thandizo 'help', getsi 'light', yankho 'answer', pemphero 'prayer', phiri (mapiri) 'hill', khóla (makóla) 'pen for animals', khutú (makutú) 'ear', duwa (maluwa) 'flower', bwató 'boat, canoe', dzira (mazira) 'egg', lóto 'dream'

Some borrowed words are:
 * búku 'book', bótolo 'bottle', bédi 'bed', bátire 'battery', bulúku 'pair of trousers'

Other nouns have a regular plural:
 * mavúto 'difficulties', malamulo 'laws', mabwató 'boats' etc.

Plurals of words in some other classes also begin with ma-:
 * mabánki 'banks', mabwána 'bosses', mautá 'bows'

The following nouns, though prefixed with ma-, usually have a singular meaning:
 * madzí 'water', maló 'place(s)', mankhwála 'medicine', mawú 'word(s), voice', maliro 'funeral', manda 'graveyard', mafúta 'oil, petrol', malónda 'business', manthá 'fear', magazi 'blood', malipiro 'wages', madzuló 'afternoon', mayeso 'exam(s)', magetsi 'electricity', malayá 'shirt(s)', maséwero/maséwera 'sport(s)', masikíto 'mosquito-net(s)', makhalidwe 'behaviour', maténda 'disease', manyazí 'shame', mayendedwe 'way of walking'

Class 7/8 (Chi-Zi-)

 * chaká 'year', chákúdyá 'food', chalá 'finger, toe', chambá 'marijuana', chambo (type of fish), cheyá 'fur, down', chibakera 'punch', chida 'weapon', chibwenzí 'girlfriend, relationship', chipatala 'hospital', chisánkho 'election', chímanga 'maize', chipáni 'political party', chinthu 'thing', chifukwá 'reason', chipinda 'room, bedroom', chikóndi 'love', chisóni 'sorrow', chithúnzi 'picture', chitsánzo 'example', chikhulupiriro 'belief', chólémbera 'pen', chólínga 'purpose, aim'

In present-day Chichewa, class 8 has concords identical with those of class 10, although in the 19th century the class 8 concords were different, namely Bz-, Bv- or Dz-.
 * zaká 'years', zákúdyá 'foods', zalá 'fingers, toes', zida 'weapons', zinthu 'things', zithúnzi 'pictures', zólémbera 'pens'

Class 9/10 (I-Zi-)
These words do not change their form when plural, but use the Zi- concords. They usually start with a nasalised consonant:
 * mvúla 'rain', njira 'path', nkháni 'story', ntchíto 'work', ntháwi 'time', nyímbo 'song, music', nyumbá 'house', imfá 'death', mímba 'stomach', nthénda 'disease', njala 'hunger', mfúmu 'chief', nyanjá 'lake', nsíma 'maize porridge', nyengo 'season', mbíri 'history', mbátata 'sweet potatoes', ng'oma 'drum', ngozi 'accident', nkhanza 'cruelty', ngongolé 'loan', njingá 'bicycle', nkhóndo 'war', nthaka soil', nyémba 'beans', ndége 'aeroplane', nzimbé 'sugar cane', nkhokwé 'maize store'

These words are usually plural only:
 * ndaláma (pl.) 'money', ndevu (pl.) 'beard', ndíwo (pl.) 'relish', nzerú (pl.) 'intelligence'

The following refer to animals and insects:
 * nyama 'animal, meat', ng'ombe 'cow, ox', njovu 'elephant', nyaní 'baboon', njáti 'buffalo', mvuú 'hippopotamus', njóka 'snake', mbúzi 'goat', nsómba 'fish', mbálame 'bird', nkhúku 'chicken', nkhumbá 'pig', nungú 'porcupine', mphémvu 'cockroach', ntchéntche 'fly', nyerere 'ant'

A few words in this class refer to people:
 * mfíti 'witch' (pl. mfíti or afíti), mfúmu 'chief' (pl. mfúmu or mafúmu), ndoda 'man'

Foreign words are frequent in this class: Some foreign words make their plural with ma-.
 * sukúlu 'school', sitólo 'store', nsápato 'shoe(s)', sókosi 'sock(s)', sitíma 'train, ship'
 * bánki 'bank', hotéra 'hotel', kálata 'letter', kompyúta 'computer', fóni (pl. fóni or mafóni) 'phone'

Class 12/13 (Ka-Ti-)
This class is usually used for small objects. There is usually a double prefix:
 * kachilómbo (pl. tizilómbo) 'germ, virus', kamwaná (pl. tianá) 'baby'

Some words in this class refer to a way of doing things:
 * kasamalidwe 'method of taking care of', kavinidwe 'way of dancing'

The following belong to class 13 and have no singular:
 * tuló 'sleep', tubzí 'shit'

Class 14/6 (U-Ma-)
Nouns in this class are often abstract or collective and have no plural:
 * ulimi 'farming', ulemú 'respect', ufulú 'freedom', usíku 'night, night-time', ufá 'flour', udzudzú 'mosquito(es)'

A few have a plural with ma-:
 * ulendó 'journey' (plural maulendó), utá 'bow' (pl. mautá)

Class 15 (Ku-) (infinitive)
Class 15 is the infinitive class:
 * kugúla 'to buy, buying', kupíta 'to go, going'

Classes 16/17/18 (Pa-, Ku-, Mu-)
Classes 16, 17, and 18 are locative classes:
 * pansí páké 'its floor'
 * pakamwa páke 'his mouth'
 * kukhosi kwáke 'in his throat' (an idiom meaning 'what's on his mind')
 * m'nyumbá mwáké 'in his house'