User:Kansas Bear/Battle of Mursa Major

The Battle of Mursa was fought in 351 between the eastern Roman armies led by Constantius II and the western forces supporting the usurper Magnentius. It took place at Mursa, near the Via Militaris in the province of Pannonia (modern Osijek, Croatia). The battle, one of the most bloodiest in Roman history, was a victory for Constantius.

Background
Following Constantine I's death in 337 the succession was far from clear. Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans were all Caesars overseeing a particular region of the empire, although none of them were powerful enough to claim the title of Augustus. Fueled by the belief that Constantine wished for his sons to rule in a tripartite after him, the military brought about a massacre of Constantinian family members. This massacre precipitated a redivisioning of the empire, by which Constans took Gaul, Hispania, Italy, Africa and Britain, while Constantine acquired Thrace, Moesia and Illyricum, and Constantius inherited Asia, Egypt, Syria and the provinces of Greece and Macedonia.

After attempting to impose his authority over Carthage and being blocked, Constantine II attacked his brother Constans in 340, but was ambushed and killed near Aquilia in northern Italy. Constans took possession of the provinces of the west, and ruled for ten years over two thirds of the Roman world. In the meantime, Constantius was engaged with a difficult war against the Persians under Shapur II in the east.

In 350, the mismanagement of Constans had alienated his generals and civilian officials and Magnentius had himself proclaimed Augustus of the west, resulting in the murder of Constans. Magnentius quickly marched his army into Italy, appointing Fabius Titanius as praefectus urbi consolidating his influence over Rome. By the time Magnentius' army arrived at the Julian passes, Vetranio, Constans' lieutenant in Illiyricum, had been declared Augustus by his troops. Magnentius initially attempted a political dialogue with Constantius and Vetranio, but the rebellion by Nepotianus changed his intentions from joining the Constantian dynasty to supplanting it. It was during this rebellion that Magnentius promoted his brother Decentius to Caesar.

Constantius' reaction was limited. Already involved in a war with the Sasanian Empire, he was in no position to deal with Magnentius or Vetranio. Following Shapur's retreat from Nisibis, Constantius marched his army to Serdica meeting Vetranio with his army. Instead of a battle, both Constantius and Vetranio appeared before the latter's army whereby Vetranio agreed to abdicate. Constantius then advanced west with his reinforced army to encounter Magnentius.

The battle
Magnentius' army, which consisted of Gallic legions, auxilia palatinae, Franks and Saxons, placed Mursa under siege with 36,000 men, but Constantius arrives and drives back his forces. Magnentius falls back and arranges his army on the open plain north-west of Mursa, near the Drava river. Constantius' army, which includes armored cavalry and mounted archers, amounting up to 80,000 forms up so far as to outflank Magnentius' right flank.

Once his army was emplaced, Constantius sent his praetorian prefect, Flavius Philippus, with a peace settlement. However, Flavius' true mission was to gather information on Magnentius' forces and sow dissent within the usurper's army. After Flavius' speech to Magnentius' army nearly sparks a revolt, Magnentius has Flavius imprisoned and later executed. While Magnentius' own attempt to set an ambush from an abandoned stadium, consisting of four Gaulish phalanxes, is discovered by Constantius' generals and eliminated, costing Magnentius all four phalanxes.

Constantius opens the battle with both of his cavalry wings charging both flanks of Magnentius' army. Once Magnentius realizes his right flank is nearly enveloped, he flees the field. Despite being abandoned by their Emperor, the Gallic infantry form into a double phalanx, thanks to the counter charge by Magnentius' cavalry. Both Gallic and German infantry refuse to surrender, even fighting on as berserkers, taking terrible losses. Constantius' Armenian and mounted archers use a version of the Persian shower archery which caused disorder within Magnentius' forces. This combined with the armoured cavalry from the East, brought about the downfall of the usurper's army. By nightfall, the battle was all but finished, with two desperate groups of Magnentius' army fleeing the field. One group flees toward the river while the other heads back to their encampment. Both groups take heavy casualties. Constantius, not even present at the battle, hears of his army's victory from the bishop of Mursa, while visiting the tomb of a Christian martyr. Whereupon, Constantius informed those of the Christian community that his victory was due to God's aid.

Aftermath
Following his victory at Mursa, Constantius chose not to pursue the fleeing Magnentius, instead spending the next ten months recruiting new troops and retaking towns claimed by Magnentius. In the summer of 352, Constantius moved east into Italy, only to find that Magnentius had chosen not to defend the peninsula. After waiting until September 352, he made Naeratius Ceralis praefectus urbi and moved his army to Milan for winter quarters. It would not be until the summer of 353 that Constantius would move his army further east to confront Magnentius at the Battle of Mons Seleucus.

Historiography of the battle
Numerous contemporary writers considered the loss of Roman lives at Mursa a disaster for the Roman Empire. Crawford states the barbarian contingents took the lion's share of the casualties, and yet the losses suffered at Mursa, according to Eutropius, could have won triumphs from foreign wars and brought peace. Syvanne compares the losses at Mursa to the Roman defeats at Cannae and Adrianople. Zosimus called the battle at Mursa a major disaster, with the army so weakened that it could not counter barbarian incursions, while modern academics have labeled the battle a pyrrhic victory for Constantius.