User:Karanacs/Spanish missions

The Spanish Missions in Texas comprise a series of religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic Dominicans, Jesuits, and Franciscans to spread the Christian doctrine among the local Native Americans, but with the added benefit of giving Spain a toehold in the frontier land. The missions introduced European livestock, fruits, vegetables, and industry into the Texas region. In addition to the presidio (fort) and pueblo (town), the misión was one of the three major agencies employed by the Spanish crown to extend its borders and consolidate its colonial territories. In all, twenty-six missions were maintained for different lengths of time within the future boundaries of the state.

Since 1493, Spain had maintained a number of missions throughout New Spain (Mexico and portions of what today are the Southwestern United States) in order to facilitate colonization of these lands. The East Texas missions were a direct response to fear of French encroachment when the remains of La Salle's Fort Saint Louis were discovered near Matagorda Bay in 1689.

Following government policy, Franciscan missionaries sought to make life within mission communities closely resemble that of Spanish villages and Spanish culture. In order to become Spanish citizens and productive inhabitants, native Americans learned vocational skills. As plows, farm implements, and gear for horses, oxen, and mules fell into disrepair, blacksmithing skills soon became indispensable. Weaving skills were needed to help clothe the inhabitants. As buildings became more elaborate, mission occupants learned masonry and carpentry under the direction of craftsmen contracted by the missionaries.

In the closely supervised setting of the mission the Indians were expected to mature in Christianity and Spanish political and economic practices until they would no longer require special mission status. Then their communities could be incorporated as such into ordinary colonial society. This transition from official mission status to ordinary Spanish society, when it occurred in an official manner, was called "secularization." In this official transaction, the mission's communal properties were privatized, the direction of civil life became a purely secular affair, and the direction of church life was transferred from the missionary religious orders to the Catholic diocesan church. Although colonial law specified no precise time for this transition to take effect, increasing pressure for the secularization of most missions developed in the last decades of the eighteenth century.

This mission system was developed in response to the often very detrimental results of leaving the Hispanic control of relations with Indians on the expanding frontier to overly enterprising civilians and soldiers. This had resulted too often in the abuse and even enslavement of the Indians and a heightening of antagonism.

In the end, the mission system was not politically strong enough to protect the Indians against the growing power of ranchers and other business interests that sought control over mission lands and the manpower represented by the Indians. In the first few years of the new Republic of Mexico-between 1824 and 1830-all the missions still operating in Texas were officially secularized, with the sole exception of those in the El Paso district, which were turned over to diocesan pastors only in 1852.

Within boundaries of Spanish Texas
Spanish Texas was a part of New Spain. On its southern edge, Texas was bordered by the province of Coahuila. The boundary between the provinces was set at the line formed by the Medina and the Nueces Rivers, 100 mi northeast of the Rio Grande. On the east, Texas bordered French Louisiana. Although Spain claimed that the Red River formed the boundary between the two, France insisted that the border was the Sabine River, 45 mi to the west.

Mission San Francisco de la Espada
The first mission established within the boundaries of Spanish Texas was San Francisco de la Espada. In 1689, Spanish authorities found the remnants of a French settlement, Fort Saint Louis. During their expedition, the Spanish met representatives of the Caddo people, who lived between the Trinity and the Red Rivers. The Caddo expressed interest in learning about Christianity, and the following year Alonso De León led an expedition to establish a mission in East Texas. It was completed near the Hasinai village of Nabedaches in late May, and its first mass was conducted on June 1, 1690.

In its first two years of existence, the mission faced much hardship, as floodwaters and then drought destroyed their crops. After an epidemic killed half of the local population, the Hasinai became convinced that the missionaries had caused the deaths. Fearing an attack, on October 25, 1693 the missionaries buried the mission bell, set the building ablaze, and retreated to Mexico.

The mission was reestablished on July 3, 1716, as Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas. In 1721, it was renamed Mission San Francisco de los Neches. It was moved in 1731 to San Antonio where it was named Mission San Francisco de la Espada. The surviving structure is now part of San Antonio Missions National Historical Park operated by the National Park Service.

Mission Santísimo Nombre de María
Mission Santísimo Nombre de María was the second mission established by the Spanish in East Texas. Built for the Neches Indians, the mission opened in September 1690 6 mi northeast of Mission San Francisco. The mission consisted of a straw chapel and a house for the priest. It was destroyed by a flood in 1692.

Mission San Juan Capistrano
Mission San Juan Capistrano had been known as Mission San José de los Nazonis in East Texas. When the mission was relocated to San Antonio in 1731, it was renamed so as not to cause confusion with Mission Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo. Located 3 mi south of Mission San José, San Juan Capistrano served Coahuiltecan Indians. It was the most distant of the missions from the presidio at Bexar and was often raided by Apaches.

By 1762, the mission consisted of a stone chapel with stone rooms for the priests and the soldiers who lived at the mission. Rooms made of adobe were built along the walls to house the 200 resident Indians. The mission was secularized in 1794, with the property divided among the remaining mission Indians. A priest continued to hold church services there, but other mission activities ended. The church has been restored and is still an active parish.

Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña


This mission was originally established on the Angelina River in East Texas in 1716 as Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de los Ainais. It served the Ainais Indians. It was closed because of the French threat and reopened in 1721. In 1730, it moved temporarily to present-day Austin before moving to San Antonio in 1731, where it was renamed Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña. The name was changed because the mission no longer served the Ainais Indians, and its new name honored the current viceroy of Mexico.

The mission inherited the lands of the closed Mission San Franscisco Xavier de Najera 3 mi south of San Antonio de Valero. Most of the Indians at the mission were Coahuiltecans who disliked the hard work of mission life. The Indians often ran away and were brought back forcibly by soldiers or priests.

The current church building was completed in 1755 and is the oldest unrestored stone church in the United States. It is built in the shape of a cross, with walls that are 45 in thick. The mission was closed in 1794, with the property divided among the resident Indians, all of whom has left by 1800. For a time, the buildings were used as a cattle barn, but in 1855 the land and church were given to the Brothers of Mary, who cleaned it and began conducting services again. It is now open to the public for prayer, and is part of the National Park Service.

Mission San José de los Nazonis
Mission San José de los Nazonis was the third mission established in East Texas in 1716. Located near a Nazoni village, the mission was near the present-day site of Cushing, Texas. Although the mission closed after the French took the presidio at Los Adaes, it was reopened several years later by the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo. In 1730, it was moved to what is now Austin, Texas before being permanently relocated to San Antonio, where it became known as San Juan Capistrano.

Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Nacogdoches
Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Nacogdoches was established in 1716 in East Texas to serve the Nacogdoche tribe. It closed several years later because of threats from French Louisiana but reopened in 1721. The mission continued until 1773, when the Spanish government ordered all of East Texas to be abandoned. In 1779, Antonio Gil Ybarbo led a group of settlers who had been removed from Los Adaes to the area to settle in the empty mission buildings. This began the town of Nacogdoches, Texas.

Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais

 * Established in 1716-1717 Site now in San Augustine, TX
 * Closed in 1773

Mission San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes
Mission San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes was the fifth mission established in East Texas in 1716–1717. The mission was to serve the Adaes Indian village just 20 mi west of the French fort at Natchitoches, Louisiana. At that time the Spanish claimed the Red River to be the eastern boundary of Texas, so the mission was considered part of Spanish Texas despite being in what is now considered Louisiana.

The mission was attacked by French soldiers in 1719 and was closed. Three years later, the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo reopened the mission, but at a site closer to the Presidio of Los Adaes. The mission remained open until 1773.

Mission San Antonio de Valero
Mission San Antonio de Valero was established on May 1, 1718 as the first Spanish mission along the San Antonio River. It was named for San Antonio de Padua, the patron saint of the mission's founder, Father Olivares as well as the viceroy of New Spain, the Marquis de Valero. The mission later became known as the Alamo.

Its first location was west of San Pedro Springs, and after being moved several times it was finally established above a bend in the San Antonio River, where it would be easy to defend. The early mission buildings were made of gradd, and the first stone building was built in 1727. The building now known as the Alamo was not built until 1744, and much of it is no longer standing. The mission eventually grew to include a granary, workhouse, and rooms for the priests, Indians, and soldiers. To protect from frequent Apache raids, a wall surrounded the buildings. Outside the wall were farmlands and ranches owned by the mission.

The mission served the Coahuiltecan Indians until 1793, when mission activities ended. AT that time the land and livestock were divided among the thirty-nine Indians remaining at the mission. The buildings later served as a home for a Mexican army unit before becoming a military hospital in 1806. During the Texas Revolution, the buildings served as the site of the Battle of the Alamo, and during the Mexican-American War supplies for the U.S. Army were stored there. The buildings are now owned by the state of Texas and operated as memorial by the Daughters of the Republic of Texas.

Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo
Shortly after its founding, Mission San Antonio de Valero became overcrowded with refugees from the closed East Texas missions, and Father Antonio Margil received permission from the governor of Coahuila and Texas, the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo, to build a new mission. On February 23, 1720, the new mission, San José y San Miguel de Aguayo was established 5 mi south of San Antonio de Valero. Like San Antonio de Valero, Mission San José served the Coahuiltecan Indians. The first buildings, made of brush, straw, and mud, were quickly replaced by large stone structures, including guest rooms, offices, a dining room, and a pantry. A heavy outer wall was built around the main part of the mission, and rooms for 350 Indians were built into the walls.

A new church, which is still standing, was constructed in 1768 from local limestone. The mission lands were given to its Indians in 1794, and mission activities officially ended in 1824. After that, the buildings were home to soldiers, the homeless, and bandits. It was restored in the 1930s and is now a state and national historic site.

Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga

 * Established in 1722 Matagorda Bay among the Karankawa Indians
 * Moved in 1726 near Victoria
 * Moved in 1749 to La Bahia (now Goliad, Texas)
 * Restored from ruins by the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration in the 1930s
 * Currently a state historical park operated by the State of Texas Parks and Wildlife Department

Mission San Franscisco Xavier de Najera
Mission San Franscisco Xavier de Najera was established in 1722 as a result of a promise made by the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo, the governor of Spanish Texas. The previous year, Aguayo had asked the chief of a band of Rancheria Grande Indians to guide him to East Texas to reopen the missions there; in return, Aguayo promised to open a mission along the San Antonio River for the chief's tribe. The new mission was established 3 mi south of San Antonio de Valero and was initially populated by fifty Indian families. The Indian families did not stay long, and by 1726 the mission closed. Its lands were later given to Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña.

Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá

 * Established 1757 by the Franciscan Missionaries.
 * They lived among the Lipan Apache Indians.
 * Was the first place that the Spanish and the Comanche went into a conflict.
 * Destroyed by a 2,000 Comanche warriors and their allies in March, 1758.
 * Even though the mission was gone the neighboring presido San Luis de las Amarillas was still running until 1772.

Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario

 * Established 1754 4 miles west of La Bahia.
 * Closed in 1805
 * Currently the ruins are an archeological site designated as a state historical park and controlled by the State of Texas Parks and Wildlife Department

Mission San Francisco Xavier de los Dolores

 * Established in 1755 at San Marcos among the Apache people
 * Assets transferred to Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá in 1756

Mission Nuestra Señora de la Luz

 * Established 1756 near the mouth of the Trinity River
 * Destroyed by Karankawa Indians
 * It was the 27th mission in Texas

Mission Nuestra Señora del Refugio

 * Established February 4, 1793 in East Texas
 * Moved in June, 1794 Mosquitos Creek
 * Moved in January, 1795 to Refugio
 * Materials from ruins probably used to build new structures in the early 1800s. The site is presently owned by Our Lady of Refuge Catholic Church.

Mission Corpus Christi de la Ysleta del Sur
Founded in 1682
 * Flooding destroyed the mission twice: once around 1742 and again around 1829.
 * Present church was constructed in 1851 on higher ground
 * In 1881, the Jesuits took control and renamed it Mission de Nuestra Señora del Monte Carmelo
 * In 1980, the name was changed to Mission San Antonio de los Tiguas
 * Still in use as a church

Mission San Antonio de Senecú

 * Established 1682 1¼ miles from Ysleta. Settled by Piro people from New Mexico.
 * River moved and now in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico.

Mission Nuestra Señora de la Limpia Concepción de Los Piros de Socorro del Sur

 * Established 1682 near Socorro among the Piros people
 * First permanent mission, built in 1691, was swept away by flood in 1744
 * Second church was washed away in 1829
 * Present mission was completed in 1843
 * Socorro became part of Texas in 1848

Mission San Bernardo

 * Established in 1700-1702 Site now in Mexico.

Mission Santa María de las Caldas

 * Established in 1730 at Socorro among the Suma people
 * Closed in 1749

Mission San Francisco Xavier de Horcasitas

 * Established in 1746
 * Abandoned in 1755

Mission San Ildefonso

 * Established in 1746
 * Abandoned in 1755

Mission Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria del Cañón

 * Established circa 1750

Mission San Lorenzo de la Santa Cruz

 * Founded 1762 among the Lipan Apaches
 * Located in current Real County
 * Abandoned 1769