User:Katewalford/sandbox

Psychopharmacological Treatment
Psychopharmacological is a treatment in managing oppositional defiant disorder. Prescribed medication to control ODD include mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and stimulants. In two controlled randomized trials, it was found that between administered lithium and the placebo group, administering lithium decreased aggression in children with conduct disorder in a safe manner. However, in a third study it found the treatment of lithium over a period of two weeks invalid. Other drugs seen in studies include haloperidol, thioridazine, and methylphenidate which also is effective in treating ADHD, as it is a common comorbidity.

Effectiveness of drug and medication treatment is not well established. Affects that can result in taking these medications include hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, tariff dyskinesias, obesity, and increase in weight. Psychopharmacological treatment is found to be most effective when paired with another treatment plan, such as individual intervention or multimodal intervention.

Individual Interventions
Individual interventions are focused on child specific individualized plans. These interventions include anger control/stress inoculation, assertiveness training, and child-focused problem solving skills training program, and self-monitoring skills.

Anger control and stress inoculation helps prepare the child for possible upsetting situations or events that may cause anger and stress. It includes a process of steps they may go through.

Assertiveness training educates individuals in keeping balance between passivity and aggression. It is about creating a response that is controlled, and fair.

Child- focused problem solving skills training program aims to teach the child new skills and cognitive processes that teach how deal with negative thoughts, feelings and actions.

Parent and Family Treatment
According to randomized trials evidence shows that parent management training is most effective. It has strong influences over a longer period of time and in various environments.

Parent-child interaction training is intended to coach the parents while involving the child. This training has two phases. The first phase being child-directed interaction, whereby it is focused on teaching the child non directive play skills. The second phase is parent directed interaction, where the parents are coached on aspects including clear instruction, praise for compliance, and time-out noncompliance. The parent-child interaction training is best suited for elementary aged children.

Parent and family treatment has a low financial cost, that can yield an increase in beneficial results.

Multimodal Intervention
Multimodal intervention is an effective treatment that looks at different levels including family, peers, school, and neighbourhood. It is an intervention that concentrates on multiple risk factors. The focus is on parent training, classroom social skills, and playground behaviour program. The intervention is intensive and addresses barriers to individuals improvement such as parental substance abuse or parental marital conflict.

An impediment to treatment includes the nature of the disorder itself, whereby treatment is often not complied with and is not continued or stuck with for adequate periods of time.

Assignment Work
week 4 - choose topic + find sources

Topic: Oppositional defiant disorder

Ideas to add to article:

Elaborate in signs and symptoms section, on the further impairments in school and social venues. Include why this is important information and the potential effects.

In the section of diagnosis, give a more in-depth description of who can officially diagnose oppositional defiant disorder, for example doctor, psychotherapist, or having multiple opinions.

In the management section of the article, include descriptions of the strategies instead of just listing them, for example what would social skill training look like.

In terms of history, analyzing the prevalence of ODD in children in the past to the children of today. Lastly, looking at if some children grow out of oppositional defiant disorder and looking at what their future may look like.

In this text there are a lot of medical citations required.

Potential bibliography:

Fraser, Anne, BA,G.DipPsych(Org), M.ClinPsych, & Wray, John,M.B.B.S., F.R.A.C.P. (2008). Oppositional defiant disorder. Australian Family Physician, 37(6), 402-5.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder: An Overview and Strategies for Educators

Angold, A. & Costello, J. (1996). Toward Establishing an Empirical Basis for the Diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(9), 1205-1212.

week 2 - Article Evaluation

I was unaware about the academic sophistication of Wikipedia. It has now become clear that citation is extremely important on Wikipedia even more so then a paper. I have learned the basics of editing a page and most importantly what a sandbox is. Along with this, the importance of the talk page and how to navigate in it. I am still however, learning and would like to know more specifics about what is wikicode.

I am a McGill student in Physical and Health Education. I am interested in outdoor education.

Must be bold on wikipedia.