User:Katiedames/sandbox

Description
Seagrass is a marine angiosperm that possess conductive tissue, shoot systems, rhizomes and flowers. This plant is mainly found in muddy coastal marsh waters and off the coast of many Caribbean islands.

They are also found in brackish waters on the east coast of the United States in waters up to 12 meters deep. Halodule wrightii has a fast growth rate with a large shoot density that supplies efficient levels of nutrients to the plant. Rhizome growth and nutrient uptake directly affect each other which causes for such rampant size increase within the seagrass. The rhizome is horizontal underground stem that gathers nutrients for plants. This rapid growth is what makes this species a pioneer plant because it is able to adapt and develop even in oligotrophic conditions. Seagrass are a key component to coastal beaches and marsh habitats due to its importance to marine life, water quality, and nutrient availability.

Ecological Functions
These aquatic plants form sea beds and increase habitat stabilization through constant shoot and rhizome production. The string like structure of the seagrass decrease water turbidity and movement of substrate whether it is sand or mud. Seagrass beds function as an incubator for young juvenile fishes. They provide shelter from predators and reduce competition with other species. Halodule wrightii also supplies food resources to several species of fish and invertebrate marine life. Such imperative responsibilities lie on seagrass beds, which is why protection and coastal seagrass management is so important to an ecosystem. This species of plant has the ability to adapt to various levels of salinity and temperatures making it a very versatile plant.

History
This plant was named after Charles Wright who was an American botanist and collector. In 1853 and 1856 Wright participated in a surveying expedition and discovered halodule wirghtii. It is commonly known as a pioneer species being that it is one of the first species present in a developing. Halodule wrightii is also able to reproduce sexually and asexually however, flowering in this species is rare.

Problems with Climate Change
Ocean acidification, which is due to an increase in atmospheric temperature and CO2 levels cause the pH in the ocean to decrease and become more acidic. This acidification process leads to the death of many marine animals, especially those made of calcium carbonate. As for halodule wrightii, a seagrass, it has an important role in the cycling of nutrients and carbon sequestration. A study conducted in Bahia, Brazil experimented on the effects of decreasing pH levels on halodule wrightii and the results expressed that phenotypic plasticity was occurring within the species. Throughout the mesocosm experiment, a sustainability level was detected among the population which concluded that there was a genetic shift. This shift demonstrates just how this plant is able to adapt to vast changes within an environment.

Despite being a very resilient plant, H. wrightii still faces problems concerning increases in temperatures. When the environment that these plants reside in increase in temperature it tampers with the physiological function that allows for photosynthesis to occur thus leading to a decrease in population size.

Restoration
Due to anthropogenic effects, seagrass beds have suffered destruction and vast decreases in population concentration. A means to rescue the dying population is through transplantation of seagrass beds from other locations. Halodule wrightii is a pioneer species so it is commonly used to develop suffering seabeds. Recreational activities like jet skiing, and boating damage and uproot seagrass beds with ease in shallow coastal waters. Studies, such as the one performed in Brazils Abrolhos Marine National Park, tested the direct effects of anchor damage caused by intense boating activity and halodule wrightii levels were deeply impacted.