User:Katochis/Cynisca

Cynisca or Kyniska (Κυνίσκα; born c. 442 BC) was a wealthy Spartan princess, famous for becoming the first women to win at the Olympic Games, competing in the sport of chariot racing. '''She first entered the Olympics in 396 BC, where she won first prize, competing with a team of horses she had trained herself. In 392 BC, Cynisca entered her horses in the Olympics for a second time and was awarded another victory in the same event.'''

Early Life:

Cynisca was born around 442 BC in the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta, and was the daughter of the Eurypontid king Archidamus II. Her brother was Agesilaus II, who later succeeded his father and became a king of Sparta. Because of her family's wealth, Cynisca was able to spend time developing her sporting skills and learning how to train horses for chariot racing. According to Pausanias, Cynisca was exceedingly ambitious to succeed at the Olympic Games from a young age.

Several sources from Xenophon and Plutarch make mention of how Cynisca's brother Agesilaus encouraged her to breed horses and compete in the games, though his motivations for doing so are up for debate. According to these ancient sources, Agesilaus supposedly viewed success in chariot racing as a victory without merit. As opposed to other events, where a man's bravery and virtue were the decisive factors, he believed that chariot racing only demonstrated wealth, due to the lack of involvement on the part of the horses' owner. Both authors suggested that Agesilaus hoped to expose how the sport was unmanly and aristocratic by having a woman win, '''though in reality Cynisca's victories did not stop wealthy Spartans engaging in the sport. Several modern scholars, however, have theorized that Agesilaus' motivations were more practical. They suspect that he was simply using her victories and wealth to promote his own political career and gain public support through his association to her, rather than providing a moral lesson . The evidence provided to support this theory is that Cynisca's two Olympic victories would have also brought fame to Agesilaus and to the wider Eurypontid house. Additionally, the establishment of Cynisca's hero-cult after her death could suggest that Agesilaus was still making use of his sister's fame even after her passing. '''

Etymology:

Cynisca's name means "female puppy" in Ancient Greek, and she was named after her grandfather Zeuxidamus, who was called Cyniscos. It is possible that this name is derived from the hunting traditions of the Spartan elite, or her family's practice of raising hunting dogs .

Olympic Victory:

'''In 396 BC, Cynisca employed male charioteers to drive the horses she trained and entered her team at the Olympics for the first time, where it won in the four-horse chariot race (tethrippon Greek: τέθριππον). Cynisca is thought to have been approximately 40 years old when she first competed in the Olympics. In 392 BC, Cynisca once again entered her racing team at the Olympic games and secured another victory.'''

'''To commemorate her Olympic achievements, Cynisca dedicated a set bronze statues which depicted herself, her charioteer, her chariot, and her horses at the Temple of Zeus in Olympia. According to Pausanias, these statues were placed in a prominent location in the entrance way of the temple, next to the throne dedicated by Arimnestus a king of Etruria. Along with the statues, Cynisca also celebrated her victories with an inscription, declaring that she was the only woman to win the wreath in the chariot events at the Olympic Games. The inscription from Olympia (c. 390-380 BC) reads:'''

(inscription text is on actual wiki page)

'''Pausanias also mentions that the poet Simonides wrote an epigram to Cynisca, which he inscribed on a bronze tripod which was dedicated at Delphi. Pausanias claimed that this inscription was the only poetic composition ever written to commemorate the deeds of the royal houses of the Lacedaemonians. In addition to this, a heroön (hero-shrine) was erected for Cynisca''' in Sparta at Plane-tree Grove, where religious ceremonies were held. Previously, only Spartan kings had been graced in this way and Cynisca was the first woman to receive this honor.

Cultural Context:

While most women in the ancient Greek world were kept in seclusion and forbidden to pursue athletic activities such as riding or hunting, Spartan women were '''trained to excel in sports. The greater freedom that Spartan women experienced in terms of athletic pursuits was largely due to the fact that they were able to dedicate significant amounts of time to their training since the helot system relieved them of the typical household duties that most other Greek women were expected to attend to. High levels of female athleticism were encouraged in Sparta because as a society they believed that strong women would produce strong children and supply the army with powerful soldiers.'''

Despite the greater level of social freedom that Spartan women enjoyed, participation in Olympic Games remained almost entirely restricted to men. '''There is debate about whether women were even allowed to attend the games as spectators. Several passages from Pausanias shed light on this issue, as he suggests that that parthenai (young, unmarried women) were allowed to attend the Olympics as spectators, but gynaikes (married women) were barred from entering. In terms of competing in the Olympic games, women were only allowed to enter the equestrian events, not by participating themselves,''' but rather by owning and training the horses.

However, while it was rare for women to compete against men in athletic games, as Cynisca did, there is evidence to suggest that separate athletic competitions existed for women in the Greek world. The existence of these competitions is supported by Pausanias' mention of a number of bronze statues dedicated by victorious female runners (mostly Spartan) at the temple of Hera at Elis, as well as several stone inscriptions that have been uncovered.

Cynisca's Cultural Impact:

Based on archaeological evidence such as the locations of her dedications and hero-cult,as well as the speculation of modern scholars, Cynisca's win at the Olympics likely had a great impact on women across the Greek world, not only her fellow Lacedaemonians. After Cynisca's victory several other Greek women went on to achieve varying levels of success in the sport of chariot racing, including Euryleonis, Belistiche, Zeuxo, Encrateia and Hermione, Timareta, Theodota, and Cassia. However, according to Pausanias, none of these women gained greater recognition for their victories than Cynisca.

Some scholars have also suggested that Cynisca's Olympic victories and heroic qualities were likely also honoured by men, based on the fact that her heroön was placed in a prominent location near the Platanistas, the exercise grounds for male Spartan youths.

In modern times, Cynisca has been commemorated by the Greek poet Zoe Karelli, who wrote a poem about her love for horses and the Olympic victory which made her name famous in Greek history.

Cynisca was also included in Judy Chicago's 1979 contemporary art exhibit titled The Dinner Party.