User:Kaurbrar/sandbox

Transcription factors and the hormone response[edit]
Numerous genes and/or proteins as well as other molecules have been identified that mediate plant defense signal transduction. Cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking dynamics help to orient plant defense responses toward the point of pathogen attack.

Mechanisms of transcription factors and hormones[edit]
Plant immune system activity is regulated in part by signaling hormones such as: There can be substantial cross-talk among these pathways.
 * Salicylic acid
 * Jasmonic acid
 * Ethylene
 * Salicylic acid- Salicylic acid triggers defense mechanism in plants in response to various environmental factors such as light, temperature, drought and microbial attacks. SA signaling pathway functions by interacting with components of other input pathways involved in plant defense. SA application establishes local and systematic acquired resistance in plants and leads to accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins . The treatment of seeds with SA inhibit germination due to an SA-induced oxidative stress
 * Jasmonic acid- Jasmonic acid induce SAR (systemic acquired resistance) in plants against abiotic and biotic stress, mainly insects and few pathogens. Once synthesized, JA is transported to unwounded cells, where it activates protease inhibitor genes, thus reducing digestibility of plant tissues. ROS, Calcium ion influx, MAP kinase cascade, and Nitric oxide play an important role in the JA signaling transduction pathway. JA associated rapid defense response in plants is activated by electrical signaling . Jasmonic acid is available commercially for treating seeds and spraying young plants to control pest damage.
 * Ethylene - Ethylene is a gaseous phytohormone that activates defense mechanism against pathogens such as fungi and bacteria. It initiates programmed cell death (PCD), in response to invading plant pathogens.
 * Ethylene - Ethylene is a gaseous phytohormone that activates defense mechanism against pathogens such as fungi and bacteria. It initiates programmed cell death (PCD), in response to invading plant pathogens.
 * Ethylene - Ethylene is a gaseous phytohormone that activates defense mechanism against pathogens such as fungi and bacteria. It initiates programmed cell death (PCD), in response to invading plant pathogens.