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Intersex
Milton Diamond, professor of neurology, Univ. of Hawai'i at Manoa, and director of The Pacific Center for Sex and Society located at the University of Hawaii.[78]

Film
In 2000, Porter Gale, Masters in Documentary Film and Video from Stanford University,and Laleh Soomekh, produced XXXY, a documentary revealing the intersex indivuduals' opinions on the surgical procedures done on children with intersex conditions or DSDs, while providing a medical professional's opinion as well. The film clearly shows the dissatisfaction and the painful repercussions for the children who went through sex reassignment surgeries.

In 2006, Ajae Clearway produced an award winning documentary giving voice to various intersex individuals and their experiences with surgeries, and advocates for informed consent. The film One in Two Thousand educates the viewer on notions of sexuality, and the opposition on unnecessary surgeries.

Colombia's Constitutional Court with Intersex Case
There are not many available cases concerning children with intersex conditions, but one important one that has led the way into changing the framework of how children of intersex conditions should be treated was the Colombian Case. Parents of a child with intersex conditions or DSDs wanted to go through the sex surgery assignment, but the doctors wouldn't proceed unless with the court's approval. The parents went to court to go through the procedure, and stated that the hospital was violating the child's right to privacy. The case has significantly reduced the power doctors and parents have to decide surgical procedures on the children's ambiguous genitalia.

By the Constitutional Court of Colombia, on Case 1 Part 1 (SU-337 of 1999), doctors are obligated to inform parents on all the aspects of the intersex child. Parents can only consent to surgery, if they have received accurate information, and consent can not be given after the child reaches an age of five. By then the child will achieved a decision on what gender they decided to take. The court case has led to setting legal guidelines to how doctor's surgical practice on intersex children.

Surgery
Studies done on individuals with intersex conditions or disorders of sex development(DSDs), have revealed how surgical intervention has psychological effects, leading to the impact on well being and quality of life. Genitoplasty, plastic surgery done on the genitalia, does not ensure a successful psychological outcome for the patient and might require psychological support when the patient is trying to distinguish a gender identity. Other than the possible negative psychological outcomes, surgeries, like with a vaginoplasty, can have physical outcomes,a common one being scarring, which can be a factor to insensitivity. Other cases where vaginoplasty has caused complications, is that the implant or artificial vagina will not stay in place, or need further surgeries. One of the reasons there are many complications is doctors who do not specialize in genitoplasty or similar surgeries (phalloplasty, vaginoplasty) usually reconstruct the child's ambiguous genitalia.

AIC
The Advocates for Informed Choice, is a non -profit organization for advocacy for the rights of children with intersex or differences of sex development (DSD) by Anne Tamar-Mattis,graduate of Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California at Berkeley, J.D., 2006, funded through the Equal Justice Works Fellowship since 2006. Right after graduating from law school, she started her work with AIC and has previous years of experience as the Program Director for the San Francisco LGBT Community Center. She has also been together with her partner, intersex activist, and physician Suegee Tamar-Mattis for fifteen years. They are the first in the US to take"a coordinated strategy of legal advocacy for the rights of children with intersex conditions or DSDs (differences of sex development)". Most of the activism is to push for the importance of children with intersex conditions or DSDs in law,by creating possible frameworks to be protect the child's rights. The encouragement of open discussion of intersex with doctors,parents, and activists,will bring attention to the importance of children and newborns with intersex conditions or DSDs. Some of the issues that are dealt with are informed consent, insurance, identity documents medical records retrieval, and medical privacy.

Inter/Act
Is a project within the AIC, is a public space for young people with intersex conditions or DSDs to share their individual stories, and uniting the next generation. It is a community to share stories and express their emotions on the experiences with doctors and family. It is a safe place where young people with intersex conditions and DSDs can question the 'normal' views on gender and sex.

Surgery
The phallogram was a diagram that was used in the fifties by pediatric urologists to measure a phallus to identify the newborn's sex. If it did not fit into neither, as with newborns with intersex conditions, it would be adjusted to one through sex reassignment surgery.

Anne Fausto-Sterling
Anne Tamari-Mattis, is the founder and executive director of Advocates for Informed Choice, which offers consultation and updating how informed consent should be done with an intersex newborn. She graduated from University of California, Berkeley School of Law, and was the program director for a LGBT Community Center in San Francisco. She can offer much information from her background alone, and her experience while working with patients or parents of intersex newborns.

ISNA
ISNA made various efforts to spread intersex activism, and were a resource for the Colombian court case decision on the surgical guidelines for intersex children.

Women during Colonialism
During European Imperialism, one of the main actions taking place was of civilizing and spreading Christianity, and West African women needed to be taught these ideas from a white woman's perspective who traveled there. White women, like Mary Slessor, a Scottish Presbyterian missionary,undertook the role to spread Christianity. In her accounts of her travels, she strongly resents abuses and polygamy. Mary Kingsley,came from an elite family, and came to relate to West African women, understanding their culture, from their attire, societal events and other customs;although her works reflected her as detached. Constance Larymore traveled there as the wife of a colonial military administrator. In her accounts, she explains that she would keep "respectable" distance from the women. From reading her accounts, there is a clear understanding that she is an upper class white woman. All these women wrote on their experiences in West Africa, but mostly in an objective way in their publications. Although they were objectifying West African women, they were not there to break their social and gender norms that are set in Europe.

Articles
Mary Elizabeth Moran and Katrina Karkazis, “Developing a Multidisciplinary Team for Disorders of Sex Development: Planning, Implementation, and Operation Tools for Care Providers,” Advances in Urology, vol. 2012, Article ID 604135, 12 pages, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/604135

David, Diamond A... "Sex assignment for newborns with ambiguous genitalia and exposure to fetal testosterone: attitudes and practices of pediatric urologists.." 12 Oct. 2012.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347605010541

Diamond, Milton and Hazel G. . Beh. "Changes in the Management of Children with Intersex Conditions." Nature Clinical Practice, Endocrinology & Metabolism 4.1 (2008)Web. 20 Oct. 2012.http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/2005to2009/2008-changes-in-management.html

Diamond, Milton and Hazel Glenn. Beh. "David Reimer's Legacy: Limiting Parental Discretion." Cardozo Journal of Law & Gender 12.5 (2009)20 Oct. 2012. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1446966

Domurat Dreger, Alice. ""Ambiguous Sex": Or Ambivalent Medicine? Ethical Issues in the Treatment of Intersexuality." The Hastings Center Report28.3 (1998): 24-35. 14 Oct. 2012.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3528648

Related Topics

 * Milton Diamond
 * Anne Fausto-Sterling
 * David Diamond
 * John Money
 * David Reimer
 * Alice Domurat Dreger
 * Hazel Glenn Beh