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According to the Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools study, substance use increases after the age of 12, “Seven percent of individuals between the ages of 12 and 17, and 20 percent of individuals between the ages of 18 and 25, were classified as substance abusive or dependent in 2009" (Us Department of Education. ed.gov, 2011) Research studies suggest alcohol and marijuana usage as the two major drugs abused among high school and college students (O'Mally, & Johnston, 2005) . Relapse is a great risk after treatment for recovering students within the first six months to a year (Recovery/ Relapse) .   Most high school and colleges are not well equipped to accommodate recovery students. The end results for dealing with students with addiction are normally punished with suspension or expulsion rather than giving assistance. The concept of a transition school setting was implemented in order to increase long-term recovery. High school students are required by law to return to school after treatment ends. Returning to school after treatment poses problems due to peer pressure in addition to being place back into the environment that produced the behavior of drug abuse (Recovery/ Relapse).

History
Recovery schools began to populate as early as the 1970’s (augsburg.edu, 2014). Brown University is one of the first colleges that provided specialized recover program for college students (White & Finch, 2007). Phoenix High School in Silver Spring, Maryland recovery program dates back to 1979 (Finch & Wegman, 2012). Currently, there are approximately 30 recovery high schools nationwide. Many colleges are beginning to develop on-campus recovery programs for students. Recovery programs are designed to provide an alternative, safe, and supportive environment for high school and college students during the course of their recovery (White & Finch, 2007). The environment is conducive to recovery because it is designed to safeguard against the risk of drinking (Finch & Wegman, 2012). In addition, recovery programs provide social support from peers, counselors, and the community (Harris, Baker, Kimball, & Shumway, 2007). Recovery schools implement regular school curriculum with the incorporation of mental health services in order to provide success for academics and sobriety throughout life (Finch & Wegman, 2012). [[File:Example.png|thumb|Caption text]

Biological
Alcohol consumption is associated with acute and chronic effects on the brain related to reinforcement and motivation (Bettmann, Russell, Keith, and Parry, 2013) Substance abuse damages the mental nerve systems of the brain’s dopamine system by activating the brain’s reward circuit. (Learning genetics Utah.edu, 2014) Substances such as nicotine, alcohol, heroin, marijuana, cocaine, and amphetamines produce pleasure effects by flooding the brain with dopamine increasing the availability of the neurotransmitter dopamine, causing feelings of pleasure associate with the brain’s endorphins. (flagell etal, Abnormal psychology, 2011). Evidence from studies also support that alcohol consumption is indirectly responsible for the poor academic performance causing sleepiness, socio-emotional, memory loss, and fewer study hours. (Solowij, Jones, Rozman, Davis, Ciarrochi, Heaven, & Yücel, 2011).) Research results reveal that adolescent users demonstrated impairment of learning, retention, retrieval and verbal episodic memory related to marijuana usage. (Solwij, etal,. 2011 ) Substance abuse risk factors include mental health problems such as CD, ADHD, and learning Disability (Burrow, Clark, Jason, Jenson, William, 2009).

Social norm
Adolescents start using psychoactive drugs because of peer pressure or because they believe drugs make them seem more sophisticated or grown up (flagell etal, Abnormal psychology, 2011) Studies supports that drugs are a way of teenagers rebelling against their parents or society. College students use drugs as a way of coping with stress or to appear to more sociable to their peers. (flagell etal,. Abnormal psychology, 2011) One major problem with high school and college campus is substance accepting substance usage as social norm or rite of passage which make the road to recovery challenging for many students. ( Perron, Grahovac, Uppal, Granillo, Shutter, and Porter, 2011 )

Academics
Recovery school offers more of a therapeutic service in mental healt h in addition to support system of counseling sessions, substance abuse education, family support, and drug testing (Finch and Wegman, 2012) 48 hours after drinking, intoxication has an negative impact on the cognitive functions of concentration, memory, and attention. (How Do Drugs and Alcohol Impede Students' Academic Progress?) The usage of substance is linked to academic failure, aggression in class, excessive withdrawal, and the increase risk of school drop-out. (Burrow-Sanchez, Jenson, & Clark, 2009).

Research on college students reveals that alcohol consumption is a negative impact academic performance on test, falling behind in school work, and dropping out of school (El Ansari, et al.: Alcohol Consumption and Poor Academic Achievement) College- bound Recovery Program designs programs on campus in order to give college students the support they need during their time of recovery.

Recovery school programs specializing in academic support for students are faced with learning challenges. School base programs are all different in many aspects. However, all schools focus on a sober environment. Many recovery high schools have smaller class sizes in order to have a positive atmosphere, which promotes an intimate social environment and delivers better academic results (Finch & Wegman, 2012).

Treatment
College recovery school programs offer 12- steps- programs, substance-free housing and organizes sober events in order to promote a healthy substance-free environment (Perron, etal.,2011)

Counselors
All campuses utilize on site counselor for substance abuse students. However, most lack the training and ability to provide adequate help (Perron, etal.,2011). The recovery schools offer clinical support services that provide support and intervention with issues related to substance use. The counselors specialize in motivation techniques, cognitive behavioral therapy, and problem-solving training based on the 12-step programs and substance abuse disorders (Carey, Scott-Sheldon,Carey,&DeMartini, 2007).

Peer support
Peer support such as Alcohol Anonymous, CRP, SAP are needed in order to sustain recovery  and reducing drinking behavior because students develop a sense of belonging that helps to identify with others similar to them. (Perron, etal.,2011) This also engages the rest of the school community demonstrating concern and recognition of the students’ value for their commitment and the importance of recovery (Perron, etal.,2011)

Recovery centers
Recovery centers or recover groups must be accessible to students because the psychosocial support helps with stress and promotes a lifestyle of sobriety. In addition, such programs offers off -campus support service for disability, detoxification, and inpatient therapy. (Perron, etal.,2011)

SAP
SAP’s program primary goal is to support the student to be successful in school while refraining from drug use. The recovery program provides structured curriculum and informational awareness conducted by a school mental health professional or a teacher specifically trained in the topic of educating students about substance abuse. The students engage in discussion and the practice of new skills, drug refusal skills, and decision-making skills (Burrow, etal., 2009). ==References=


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