User:Kec30/sandbox

Raven Pentz and Keri Chamberlain Wikipedia Rough Draft Edits to page on “Hearing Loss”

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Quote from current page: “Lip reading is another useful skill some develop.[2] Access to hearing aids, however, is limited in many areas of the world.[2]” → Our edit: The intelligibility of lip reading alone is unreliable, as studies have proven that people who are deaf or hard of hearing only understand approximately 30% from speech/lipreading alone. Much of it is contextual and must be filled in by brain processes. While the skill of lip reading may be useful to some people, it is not a reliable skill to most as there are many variables that could affect their ability to comprehend a person’s speech.

→ “Qualitatively, the scores reflect the difficulty of lip reading in an open-set sentence recognition task. Mean-word-recognition accuracy scores were barely greater than 10% correct. Further, any individual who achieved a CUNY lip-reading score of 30% correct is considered an outlier, giving them a T-score of nearly 80—three times the standard deviation from the mean. A lip-reading recognition accuracy score of 45% correct places an individual 5 standard deviations above the mean.” (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3155585/)

→ for DHH people roughly 30% of speech/lip reading is intelligible (https://accessibility.gtri.gatech.edu/assistant/acc_info/factsheet_deaf_hoh.php) ______________________________________________________________________________

Quote from current page: “It causes disability in 5% (360 to 538 million) and moderate to severe disability in 124 million people.[2][9][10] Of those with moderate to severe disability 108 million live in low and middle income countries.[9]” → Use of the word “disability”. Can we find a better word for this statement?

“Use of the terms "hearing impaired", "deaf-mute", or "deaf and dumb" to describe deaf and hard of hearing people is discouraged by advocacy organizations as they are offensive to many deaf and hard of hearing people” → Should we add a capital D to deaf to this statement? → We can link to this idea on the Deaf culture wiki page

→ Our evidence trying to support our edits: “The finding that nearly three-quarters of respondents felt more research should be conducted into finding cures for deafness shows that the majority of respondents view deafness as a disability that should be altered.” https://www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.bu.edu/doi/abs/10.1080/17542863.2017.1409779 (studying clinicians awareness about Deafness). _______________________________________________________________________________

''Original Formatting from the Wiki Page: '' “Treatment[edit] Treatment depends on the specific cause if known as well as the extent, type and configuration of the hearing loss. Most hearing loss, that resulting from age and noise, is progressive and irreversible, and there are currently no approved or recommended treatments; management is by hearing aid. A few specific kinds of hearing loss are amenable to surgical treatment. In other cases, treatment is addressed to underlying pathologies, but any hearing loss incurred may be permanent. There are a number of devices that can improve hearing in those who are deaf or hard of hearing or allow people with these conditions to manage better in their lives. Hearing aids[edit] Assistive devices[edit] Wireless hearing aids[edit] Surgical[edit] Classroom[edit]”

Our Edits: -Changing the word “treatment” -Reorganizing the page to differentiate between language options, assistive devices and other assistive technologies that deaf and hard of hearing people may use. -Link more to different pages to show all sides Language Options There are various language approaches when people experience any form of hearing loss. There are signed and spoken language methods and philosophies that are often used in practice with people, and especially children, who are deaf or hard of hearing.

Signed Languages (move the info on the page about sign languages to this section) Sign languages are commonly used by people who are deaf or hard of hearing. Different countries have their own sign languages, as it is not universal. In the United States, the primary signed language is American Sign Language (ASL). Signed languages are natural languages comprised of their own unique grammar system using both manual signs as well as non-manual elements to express meaning. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language

Link to Bi-Bi? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual%E2%80%93bicultural_education

Spoken Languages Listening and Spoken Language (LSL) is an approach used with deaf children with the aid Speech-Language Pathologists and deaf educators who use an oral-aural approach. (https://www.agbell.org/Families/Listening-and-Spoken-Language)

Communicative Options While there are signed and spoken language options, there are also many communicative supports that many people will choose to learn and use in conjunction with a true form of language. (still searching for an article quote that explains the difference from a true language and a communication support system) Cued Speech Cued speech is a visual communication system comprised of eight different handshapes which when used in conjunction with different locations on the face and neck represent different phonemes of spoken languages. This communication method is used primarily to support spoken language skills with the hopes that literacy skills will emerge with this support. (http://www.cuedspeech.org/cued-speech/about-cued-speech)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cued_speech Signed Exact English https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signing_Exact_English https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manually_coded_language Simultaneous Communication (“Sim-Com)/ Signed Supported Speech (SSS) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_communication

Language Deprivation for deaf Children ( Trying to develop a brief wording/ statement relating to how many dhh children do not have access to a full and complete first language in a way that is unbiased… )

The “overall experience of lacking fully accessible language input is increasingly described as language deprivation (e.g., Glickman & Hall, 2018; W. C. Hall, 2017; W. C. Hall, Levin, & Anderson, 2017; Humphries et al., 2016a, 2016b)” As cited by Hall, Hall and Caselli “Most children are born into a world rich with language input. For these children, language acquisition begins at birth, and even before (e.g., DeCasper & Fifer, 1980; Mehler et al., 1988). Barring serious neurocognitive impairments, these children will have mastered their native language(s) by approximately age 5, and will depend on their linguistic skills in nearly all other domains of development. Children who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing (DHH) enter a world where access to language is much less certain.” Children who are deaf or hard of hearing are at a risk of not being able to completely access and develop a first language. This is the reason as to why it is important to carefully take into account the pros and cons of various language approaches and philosophies to ensure that deaf and hard of hearing children are provided with access to language.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_deprivation_in_deaf_and_hard_of_hearing_children https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0142723719834102#articlePermissionsContainer https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/applied-psycholinguistics/article/when-timing-is-everything-age-of-firstlanguage-acquisition-effects-on-secondlanguage-learning/3B1A8327FF0E7926F858FE995BEC3074

Stephanie Berk a, Diane Lillo-Martin (2012). The two-word stage: Motivated by linguistic or cognitive constraints? DOI:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.02.002

Neural Language Processing in Adolescent First-Language Learners Naja Ferjan Ramirez,1,2 Matthew K. Leonard,2,3 Christina Torres,2,3 Marla Hatrak,1 Eric Halgren,2,3,4,5 andRachel I. Mayberry1

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Assistive Devices (keep the information from the original page- reformatting to specify the differences) Hearing Aids Wireless Hearing Aids Surgical Technologies: BAHA, Cochlear Implants Drainage

Assistive Technology (Move the category from assistive devices to a new header under a category separate from devices-- category about TTY, VP, etc. can think about adding CART, Text to 911, etc.) https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/what-you-need-know-about-text-911

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Diagnosis → Edit this category to include Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) Add information about 1-3-6 1 month-hearing screening 3 month-diagnosis 6 month-intervention

“Identification of a hearing loss is usually conducted by a general practitioner medical doctor, otolaryngologist, certified and licensed audiologist, school or industrial audiometrist, or other audiometric technician. Diagnosis of the cause of a hearing loss is carried out by a specialist physician (audiovestibular physician) or otorhinolaryngologist.” (Wiki)

https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.bu.edu/docview/881563992?accountid=9676&rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo (possible article) https://pediatrics-aappublications-org.ezproxy.bu.edu/content/140/2/e20162964 (positive effects of EHDI)

_________________________________________________________________________________________ Additional Sources: https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/j.ctt14bt3q0.12?refreqid=excelsior%3A0ac001ac1ab593f4a72d106d84ba90c3&seq=2#metadata_info_tab_contents (A book and a woman explains her own experience growing up as “hearing-impaired”-might be too biased but just a possible addition