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WIKI Article Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) or schizotypal disorder- a mental disorder characterized by severe social anxiety, thought disorder, paranoid ideation, derealization, transient psychosis, and unconventional beliefs - Discomfort maintaining close relationships

-normally avoids them - think their peers harbor negative thoughts towards them (Social Anxiety) -peculiar speech mannerism -odd modes of dress

people often seek relief for depression and anxiety instead of their personality disorder

appears in approximately 3% of the population more common in males Cluster A - Odd or eccentric disorders

Comorbidity Normally occurs with Major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and generalized social phobia. Personality disorders that co-occur are schizoid (inability to maintain relationships/ Differ on the reason why), paranoid, avoidant, and borderline Can Occur with OCD. Cognitive deficits in patients with schizotypal personality disorder are similar to but milder than people with schizophrenia some people with schizotypal will go on to develop schizophrenia but most do not.

Genetics schizotypal is much higher in relatives of individuals with schizophrenia than in relatives of people with other mental illnesses or in people without mentally ill relatives mood disorder and stpd (but not as much said)

Social and environmental Parenting styles, early separation, trauma/maltreatment history (early childhood neglect) can lead to the development of schizotypal personality disorder Characterized bu common attentional impairment in various degrees that could serve as a marker of a biological susceptibility to STPD

Medication/ Therapy Often prescribe the same meds as schizophrenia 2 types of patients -who appear to be almost schizophrenic -who appear to be more obsessive-compulsive

Group therapy is it highly structured

NO REAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS NO NEUROLOGICAL SECTION SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT NEED WORK GENETICS COULD USE WORK AND CLARITY -- DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF SCHIZOPTYAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: EVIDENCE FROM A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

-- SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: A CURRENT REVIEW SPD has most consistently revealed 4-factor solution Cognitive perceptual - odd beliefs, perceptual disturbances, ideas of reference, and paranoia/suspiciousness interpersonal - no close friends- social anxiety and restricted affect disorganized/ oddness- odd speech/thought, odd behavior, restricted affect only cognitive-perceptual and oddness factors [ersisted when examining the factors among al dsm=iv personality disorder

four-dimensional factors were resolved among nonpsychotic family members of schizophrenia probands consisting of: negative schizotypy, positive schizotypy, interpersonal sensitivity, and social isolation/introversion a number of forms of psychological trauma and chronic stress have been associated with spd commonly misdiagnosed with add, social anxiety, autism, dsythima -- Diagnostic Approaches toSchizotypal Personality Disorder: A Historical Perspective The first or familial the approach emphasizes the character traits found in the deviant but nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenics. The second or clinical approach focuses on patients who appear to demonstrate the fundamental symptoms of schizophrenia without psychotic symptoms or severe personality deterioration. familial because of its emphasis on observing schizotypal characteristics in members of the families of schizophrenic patients.' Working in the United States, Rosanoff noted the following in 1911: In the pedigrees of cases of dementia praecox we find ancestors and collateral relatives described in the following significant terms: cranky, stubborn; worries over nothing; religious crank; nervous, queer; restless, has phobias; suspicious of friends and relatives. [Rosanoff 1911, p. 234] Kretschmer described three major characteristics of the schizoid character. In decreasing order of frequency, there were: 1. Unsociable, quiet, reserved, serious (humorless), eccentric. 2. Timid, shy, with fine feelings, sensitive, nervous, excitable, fond of nature and books. 3. Pliable, kindly, honest, indifferent, dull-witted, silent. [Kretschmer 1970, p. 155]

Kretschmer frequently emphasized the poor social relations of schizoid individuals. Such people frequently stated that "There is a pane of glass between me and mankind."

schizoid difficult. However, he is consistent in emphasizing three major aspects of the schizoid temperament: social withdrawal with accompanying oddness and eccentricity, shyness with hypersensitivity to social environments, and an abnormal demeanor that could range from cold and lifeless to dull-witted and lame. Foremost, he emphasized that they demonstrated autistic or dereistic thinking. This, he described as a tendency to think "away from things," to confuse the real world with fantasy. '

Pseudoneurotic schizophrenics experienced persistent, diffuse anxiety pervading all aspects of their life. This anxiety was largely unresponsive to "defensive maneuvers and symptoms Multiple neurotic symptoms including obsessions, conversion symptoms, phobias, depression, neurasthenia, and derealization were observed in these patients. Furthermore, "acting out" and self-dramatizing behavior, such as aggressive or sexual antisocial behavior or drug dependency were commonly seen

Rado first proposed the term "schizotypal" in 1953 as a shorthand the expression for ". . . the psychodynamic expression of the schizophrenic genotypes." He hypothesized that schizotypal individuals have two major abnormalities: an innate the deficit in the experience of pleasure, which Rado termed an "integrative pleasure deficiency/' and a distorted awareness of "bodily self," which he called a "proprioceptive disorder. The major manifest symptoms included interpersonal dependency, "extreme" sensitivity to loss of affection, a "rudimentary [and] ill-proportioned" sexual life, a reduced capacity for substantial relationships, intense, but usually suppressed, feelings of fear and rage, following four "core behavior traits" as universally characteristic of schizotypal individuals. 1. Cognitive slippage, seen by Meehl as including the "very mildest forms" of schizophrenic thought disorder. 2. Interpersonal aversiveness, characterized by "social fear, distrust, the expectation of rejection and conviction of .. . unlovability." 3. Anhedonia, defined as "a marked, widespread, and refractory defect in pleasure capacity." 4. Ambivalence

Cognition and Brain Function in Schizotypy: A Selective Review

Ettinger, U., Mohr, C., Gooding, D. C., Cohen, A. S., Rapp, A., Haenschel, C., & Park, S. (2015). Cognition and brain function in schizotypy: a selective review. Schizophrenia bulletin, 41 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), S417–S426. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu190

3 dimensions

-- Association of Schizotypy With Dimensions of Cognitive Control: A Meta-Analysis

Steffens, M., Meyhöfer, I., Fassbender, K., Ettinger, U., & Kambeitz, J. (2018). Association of Schizotypy With Dimensions of Cognitive Control: A Meta-Analysis. Schizophrenia bulletin, 44(suppl_2), S512–S524. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby030