User:KeiranZ/sandbox

Planned additions to article "Actinomycosis in animals" (Actinomycosis in animals):
 * reorganize headings

Sources considered:
 * add to "Treatment" section
 * more discussion of iodine/iodide
 * include more detail about antibiotic use
 * compare human treatment with cattle treatment (i.e. bring up surgery)
 * add new section titled "Causes"
 * discuss Actinomyces species
 * opportunity for infection
 * add new section titled "Misdiagnosis"
 * list conditions with similar symptoms

Actinomycosis (2015). In MedlinePlus. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000599.htm

Okulicz, J. F. (2016). Actinomycosis. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211587-overview#showall.

Okulicz, J. F. (2016). Actinomycosis Medication. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211587-medication#showall

Okulicz, J. F. (2016). Actinomycosis Treatment & Management. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211587-treatment

Roche, M., & Warrnambool. (2015). Lumpy jaw. Retrieved from http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/pests-diseases-and-weeds/animal-diseases/beef-and-dairy-cows/lumpy-jaw

Smith, G. W. (2013). Overview of Actinomycosis. In The Merck Veterinary Manual (Actinomycosis). Retrieved from http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/generalized_conditions/actinomycosis/overview_of_actinomycosis.html

Draft: ( [ ] = text present before edit)

Causes

The Actinomyces bacteria that cause lumpy jaw are always present in a healthy cattle's mouth. In order for infection to occur, there must be tissue damage, which is often caused by unusually rough feed that scratches the mouth of the animal or by contact with sharp objects, such as sticks or brambles. Given the mode of infection, lumpy jaw is not contagious.

Treatment

[The affected areas are treated with iodine solutions.] A common method to achieve this is to give the cattle sodium iodide orally on a regular treatment schedule. [Antibiotics such as Tetracyclines are also used.] These two treatment methods can be used alone or together; simultaneous use is considered more aggressive. Killing the bacteria that cause the infection is the ultimately purpose of these treatment methods. However, they are seldom effective unless treatment is started very early.[1][2]

It is notable that surgery is not typically considered for treatment of cattle as it is in extreme human cases.[3]

Misdiagnosis

As is often the case, there are diseases/conditions with signs and symptoms that are similar to actinomycosis. As such, misdiagnoses can occur. Some examples include abscesses caused by grass seeds, woody tongue, bottle jaw, cancerous growths, and irritation caused by lodges objects.

References
 * 1) ^ Jump up to:a b c Roche, M., & Warrnambool. (2015). Lumpy jaw. Retrieved from http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/pests-diseases-and-weeds/animal-diseases/beef-and-dairy-cows/lumpy-jaw
 * 2) Jump up^ Smith, G. W. (2013). Overview of Actinomycosis. In The Merck Veterinary Manual (Actinomycosis). Retrieved from http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/generalized_conditions/actinomycosis/overview_of_actinomycosis.html
 * 3) Jump up^ Okulicz, J. F. (2016). Actinomycosis Treatment & Management. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211587-treatment