User:KeithTyler/sandbox/Noble-Collip drum

A Noble-Collip drum is a device used in animal experimentation in order to induce specific and repeatable<10> trauma and/or shock in laboratory animals. The device is usually used in studies of how mammalian bodies handle physical stress and injury. It is named after two scientists, Robert_Noble_(physician)<12> and James Collip, researchers at the University of Toronto.

The device is described as a cylinder, 16 inches in diameter and 7 inches deep<2>. The drum is held vertically connected to a horizontal axis<1>. In practice, two drums are connected to the axle on opposite sides, in order to provide a "control" subject using identical drum and rotation rate. <13>

An animal such as a mouse is placed in the drum, which is then closed, and the drum is then rotated at a speed around 45-50 rpm<2>. By being pulled up by the rotating floor of the drum, the animal then falls back to the bottom, inducing injury and distress. It is observed that the likelihood of death of the animal increases by the amount of rotations of the drum<1>.

Some versions of the device include 2 v-shaped "shelves" in the outer ring of the drum, ensuring lifting of the animals for dropping, as well as inducing further trauma from impacts with the shelves. Animals may be disabled such as having their legs bound<2> to prevent them from resisting the motion of the rotating drum.

<1> File:United States Navy Medical News Letter Vol. 12, No. 2, 16 July 1948 (IA MedicalNewsLetter19480716).pdf

<2> https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajplegacy.1943.139.1.123 "CIRCULATORY REACTIONS OF RATS TRAUMATIZED IN THE NOBLE-COLLIP DRUM"

<3> https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25423126/ "Noble-Collip Drum Trauma Induces Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation But Not Acute Coagulopathy of Trauma-Shock"

<4> https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34645889/ "Fibrinolytic system activation immediately following trauma was quickly and intensely suppressed in a rat model of severe blunt trauma"

<5> https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/77/2/143 "NOBLE-COLLIP SHOCK: THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS WITH AUTONOMIC DEPRESSANTS; MOTION FACTORS"

<6> https://voiceforethicalresearchatoxford.wordpress.com/tag/noble-collip-drum/ "Meditation on a Stick"


 * Among the rest was one product of a collaboration between James Collip and Noble himself: the Noble-Collip Drum. This was something like a washing machine, the drum part being 16’’ in diameter and 7’’ deep, with shelves having much the same function as those in a washing machine, and revolving at up to 50 revolutions per minute. According to data published by Noble and Collip, 300 revolutions produced 8% mortality in rats of approximately 150 grams weight, working upward by degrees to the 800 revolutions which killed them all. But apparently it’s all right: a more thorough follow-up study of the effects of ‘drumming’ reported, as an aside, that (much as Bruce Clark had airily predicted for his own animals) “the rats gave no sign of pain.”

<7> Ibid, "A Servant of the State of Nature" regarding Hugh_Dowding

<7a> Ibid, "Dowding and the Animals"


 * Therefore, he introduced to them, for instance, the “devilish device known as the Noble-Collip Drum”, then a quite new contrivance (and still used today) in which “the animal is very slowly battered to death”.

<8> https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3181/00379727-121-30955?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.5 "Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygenation on Lactic Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes in Rats in Noble-Collip Drum Shock."


 * We find that after administering tumbling shock to rats the isoenzymes of LDH measured in extracts from different organs are differently affected. In agreement with numerous other observations the plasma enzyme is elevated throughout suggesting damage to several organs and leakage of enzymes into the blood stream.

<9> https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3181/00379727-106-26271 "Pasteur Reaction and Glycogen Content of Rat Brain After Noble-Collip Drum Shock."


 * an increased anaerobiosis in the brain tissue as a consequence of shock with con-comitantly decreased yield of high energy phosphate. Glycogen content of brain is also significantly decreased in shock.

<10> https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3181/00379727-60-15181 The Production of Shock in Rats by the Drum Method."


 * The method appears to be suitable for use where graded and reproducible degrees of trauma are desired.

<11> https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Noble-Collip+procedure <12> https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Noble%2c+Robert+L.


 * obsolete procedure in which shock in rats is induced by rotating them in a drum.

(confirms Robert Noble as the Noble)

<13> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284820337_A_quantitative_method_of_production_of_experimental_trauma_without_hemorrhage_in_unanesthetized_animals


 * A method has been described in detail by which rats and guinea-pigs were subjected to graded degrees of trauma. Following such a procedure mortality curves were obtained indicating that strictly quantitative results could be produced. Animals subjected to this type of trauma develop hæmoconcentration and the pathological changes ascribed to the condition of shock. The complications of hemorrhage, infection and anesthesia are not associated with the shock so produced.

The underlying principle of the method is to traumatize the animal by placing it in a revolving circular drum in which are projections or bumps. These carry the animal up the side during a turn, and it is then dropped, to be picked up by the following projection. The distance the animal falls is such that obvious hemorrhage or fracture of bones are not produced. The apparatus may be seen in the figure, and consists essentially of a p)air, or p)airs, of identical circular galvanized iron drums connected by a short externally fixed, central shaft running in ball-bearings. On the shaft are various-sized pulley wheels for the driving belt. The drums have an inside diameter of 15 inches and a depth of 8 inches. The projections are of a blunt triangular shape on cross-section, with a height of 2 inches and base of 3 inches. The outside of each drum is closed by a clip or hinged lid, part of which is covered by heavy cellophane or glass so that observations can be made inside. It is essential that all parts and projections be closely fitted to prevent the rat's nails from catching in any cracks. The projections may screw on so that 1, 2, or 3 may be attached at equal distances apart. Each pair of drums is driven by a belt from a motor through a set of wheels or gears for adjustable speeds, and a suitable revolution counter is attached. By running animals in each drum at the same time, a strictly comparable control can be obtained for evaluating methods of treatment.