User:KellyJoB445/sandbox

Friedman’s Notes:


 * Focus on the ways social media is weaponized/ influenced by the military
 * What other parts of the government are involved in internet militarization?
 * Multiple people need to be working on the definition because it is a contested definition
 * Can link to other relevant sources

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Draft:

Lead/ Definition:


 * Leave till the article is fully written

General History:


 * The internet was a Cold War invention in the 1960’s for military defense purposes.
 * The internet was not created by one sole entity but was rather a product of a collective effort. The internet was initially created for military and national security purposes during the Cold War. The driving motivator for its creation was to advance in the Space Race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Thus, it was invented as a weapon.
 * Source to link: Editors, History com. “The Invention of the Internet.” HISTORY, https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/invention-of-the-internet . Accessed 1 Apr. 2020.
 * The creation of ARPAnet.
 * The invention of ARPAnet was a U.S. response to the Soviet creation of Sputnik in 1957. In effort to beat the Soviet Union in the Space Race, the U.S. funded the creation of national research organizations such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Such organizations were encouraged to develop weapons and computers.
 * Source to link: Editors, History com. “The Invention of the Internet.” HISTORY, https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/invention-of-the-internet . Accessed 1 Apr. 2020.
 * Once the USSR developed a missile system the U.S. feared that this new weapon would destroy telephone dependent forms of communication which were essential for national defense purposes. Thus, the creation of a new form of communication was developed called “packet switching”. Packet switching became the computerized development of ARPAnet.
 * Source to Link: Abbate, Janet Ellen. “From ARPANET to Internet: A History of ARPA-Sponsored Computer Networks, 1966-1988.” Dissertations Available from ProQuest, Jan. 1994, pp. 1–185.
 * Once ARPAnet was created, the evolution of the internet for military purposes grew exponentially.

China: (CHI-NAAA) like trump says hehe


 * China has taken a “multilateral pluralism based on cyber sovereignty” approach when it comes to global Internet governance
 * As China’s internet use developed, the government began to instill strict rules and regulations surrounding “internet infrastructure, commercial and social use, and its potential political ramifications.”
 * China has instituted a Social Credit System (SCS) for its public internet users, aimed to track the “creditworthiness” and “trustworthiness” of both individuals and organizations utilizing cyberspace. The points either gained or lost through this program resulted in either benefits or punishments determined by the government.
 * This system added an additional layer to the state surveillance and censorship already in place within the country.

Russia:


 * Russia takes more of an offensive than defensive strategy when it comes to cyberattacks, which contrasts pretty differently from their usually defense-based ways of using their militarization
 * Russia is not necessarily changing who they target, but rather how large the sphere of targeting is
 * Ex. still targeting countries with weak cybersecurity and multiple external
 * Originally started in the 1990’s with just attacking military, but has advanced into different sectors of foreign life and activities (as we have seen in the 2016 election and other elections/events)
 * Main focuses from day 1 are trying to expose Western military plans against them
 * The “Arab Awakening” heavily influenced the 2011 election, which put Putin and many other conservative officials into positions of power by 2012
 * Led to an overhaul and centralization of where the internet can be used and for what
 * Promoted Pro-Kremlin blogs and deleted/ousted other websites that had disagreeing opinions
 * Internet governance
 * Created their “own internet,” aka blocked and delegitimized liberal news outlets or opposing thoughts
 * Internationalized their internet governing

Japan:


 * Japan started to revitalize their militarization of cyberspace after a series of online attacks from January 2000-2010, with these attacks escalating until 2015
 * Created securitization over 15 years, then advanced militarism over the past two-three years
 * Created three main bodies:  Crisis Management Center that reported to the Assistant Chief Cabinet Secretary, the Cabinet Intelligence Research Office that reported to the Director of Cabinet Intelligence, and on to the Assistant Chief Cabinet Secretary, while the NISC controlled the government systems and what they saw.
 * Centralization and securitization of responses
 * Cabinet office IT Strategic headquarters
 * NPA prosecuted against cyberattacks that were seen as crimes, JMOD was responsible for its networks, and the National Security Bureau of the NPA and the Defense Intelligence Headquarters (DIH) of JMOD divided specific intelligence issues
 * All gov’t agencies now with little outside information known to those outside of them -- even in the other government agencies
 * From 2015 on, especially with the 2020 Olympics bid, internet militarization has become an integral part of the country’s overall approach to state security.
 * Cybersecurity policies are still a work in progress, however there are funding requests (¥17.5 billion)
 * Highlights the rivalry between themselves and China, as well as the US-Japan relationship

Weaponization of Social Media:


 * Social Media as a Weapon for Terrorist Propaganda
 * ISIS Invasion of Iraq:
 * ISIS began to invade Iraq in 2014, with their sights set on the city of Mosul. As 1,500 ISIS fighters entered Northern Iraq, they were slowly shifting the dynamics of the battlefield by broadcasting their invasions.
 * ISIS wanted the entire globe aware of their assaults on towns and villages, to instill fear into militaries and to spark a global conversation.
 * Thousands of fans and “Twitter botnets” created the hashtag #AllEyesOnISIS as a means of disseminating propaganda, images of their latest invasions and towns they conquered.
 * The propaganda being spread throughout Arabic-speaking Twitter quickly sparked a global conversation, contributing to the existing fear felt throughout Iraq and particularly in Mosul.
 * This “contagion of fear” resulted in approximately 30,000 Iraqi soldiers, along with a large portion of the city’s population, to flee as ISIS claimed a “propaganda victory.”
 * Despite the fact that Iraq had a larger army, a stronger backing and a large sum of resources, the propaganda spread throughout major media platforms by the terrorist organization and its supporters painted a picture of defeat for the Iraqi military. The ability of terrorist groups to rewrite their personal narrative through social media inevitably changed the construct of the “battlefield” and the ways in which wars are fought.
 * Social Media as a Government’s Surveillance Weapon

Definition:

Internet militarization: The process in which states use the power of cyber technology to further their war and surveillance capabilities in the name of national security.

State competition:

Beginning with the United States invasion of Iraq in 2003 states have been in direct competition with  each other to gain an advantage in cyberspace as Iraq was the first war to prominently use online technology [1]. The United States government gave out tens of billions of dollars in contracts to private firms, such as Lockheed Martin and Raytheon  to develop technologies. Other nations such as China have attempted to match the U.S spending, both nations are in a race to develop the first fully autonomous AI weapons system.[2]


 * 1) Burghardt, T. (2013, October 28). Cyberwar, the Internet and the Militarization of Civil Society. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from https://www.globalresearch.ca/cyberwar-the-internet-and-the-militarization-of-civil-society/18860

2  (2019) Artificial intelligence and offensive cyber weapons, Strategic Comments, 25:10, x-xii, DOI: 10.1080/13567888.2019.1708069

3.  Paul Kallender & Christopher W. Hughes (2017) Japan’s Emerging Trajectory as a ‘Cyber Power’: From Securitization to Militarization of Cyberspace, Journal of Strategic Studies, 40:1-2, 118-145, DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2016.1233493