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''This article is about the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group. For other uses, see International Atomic Energy Agency.''

International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group

The International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group (INSAG) is an international based company that strives to make nuclear safety clear and accessible for all. INSAG also wants to emphasize the importance of nuclear safety, advise establishments when necessary, and create new safety plans and procedures. This organization is under the direction of the International Atomic Energy Agency and helps to provide recommendations on nuclear safety approaches. INSAG was created directly after the Chernobyl disaster on April 26, 1986. As part of the IAEA, INSAG is centered in Vienna, Austria.

History

The IAEA was established in 1957 and the goal was to try to advocate for the use of nuclear energy. The 1950s is the time that nuclear power was being produced and nuclear power plants were built. A problem that occurred with the mission of the IAEA was the accidents that would happen at nuclear power plants that create controversy. The first nuclear accident happened in Simi Valley, California at Santa Susana Field Laboratory, the worst nuclear accident ever was the Chernobyl disaster with hundreds of others. For a full list of nuclear accidents see Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents. The accident involved nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, now in the Ukraine, where there the plant disregarded safety procedures that caused an explosion of the fourth reactor. The IAEA decided a new branch should be created to help promote safety during the production of nuclear energy.

Membership[edit | edit source]

''Many countries joined the IAEA, realizing the importance of nuclear safety, for the continuous use of nuclear energy. The full list is located here, Member states of the International Atomic Energy Agency.'' Karl P. Cohen(1913-2012) was an American chemist that worked as a research assistant under the direction of Harold Urey. Cohen’s greatest accomplishment was his work with Urey at Columbia, where he helped to perfect the enrichment techniques used in the Manhattan Project. He was a major player in the development of the centrifuge isotope separation, which is now the most commonly used way of uranium enrichment. He became an advisor for Standard Oil and worked towards the possibility of the nuclear energy. Cohen later started his work with General Electric Company and created the Reactor Safety Committee there.[45]

''Cohen, Karl (1931). Karl P. Cohen papers.''

Operation Blossom

Operation Blossom was a covert operation that was formed by the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) in 1950. Although one of many Korean War strategies, the main intent of this operation was to create a resistance during war times in North Korea. The OPC took refugees that emerged from North Korea and provided them necessary information and supplies to complete the operation. These groups of refugees would return to North Korea and attempt to infiltrate the Communist country. The hopes of success lied in the ability of the civilian population to go along with the resistance. The results of the operation were varied: some of the Blossom operators could not be contacted again while some could be reached until 1951. The following year there was no indication that the operation was still in place and functioning. A conclusion was made that all the members were acting as double agents, captured, or were known operators and could no longer create a resistance. In September of 1952, the suspicion was confirmed that the remaining operators were working for both sides and were terminated. It was in late 1952 that this operation was officially over.[1]
 * 1) ↑ Edwards, Paul (2009).     Combat operations of the Korean War: ground, air, sea, special and covert.     North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 156.

Cabra Event

The use of x-ray lasers as a defense was created in the 1980s. The idea for this spaced based laser was to create a curtain in the case that a nuclear attack took place. The curtain was formed by an initial nuclear blast and create a barrier for the incoming missiles. The Cabra event was the first test of this technology. The test failed because the sensor used to detect the if the curtain had formed was destroyed in the explosion of the nuclear weapon. This failed test was later used to argue why no more money should be used for the Strategic Defense Initiative.[61]

Nilsen, Joseph (1994). Legacy (PDF).

Combined Development Trust

The Combined Development Agency (CDA), originally the Combined Development Trust (CDT), was a defense purchasing authority established in 1944 by the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom.[1]

The countries tried to monopolize on the resources of the territories they owned or that had hardly any claim. The Belgian Congo was an example of the third world place that was used for its resources.[2]

History

General Leslie Groves was a United States General that was put in charge of assembling and maintaining the Manhattan Project. He was a major campaigner for the creation of the CDT because he saw the importance of not only obtaining an adequate amount of uranium to complete the needs of the Manhattan Project, but also to attempt to obtain the uranium so that the Soviet Union would have less access. The entire world's stockpile of uranium was unknown, but a joint effort was a good start to securing access to the most uranium possible. He first created a program, Murray Hill Area Project, that’s main goal was to seek locations of uranium ore and thorium ore based on reports from mostly foreign documents. He found that protecting the thorium could prove just as important because it could be converted into uranium. This meant that finding the locations was only half the battle and funneled money into the purchase of the varies mineral rights.[1]

References[edit | edit source]

1.    Jump up^ ''Vestergaard, Cindy (July 2014). "Greenland, Denmark and the pathway to uranium supplier status" (PDF). ELSEVIER: 153–161.''

''2. "Combined Development Trust". Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2017-04-27.''

Culture During the Cold War

·      Confessions of a Dangerous Mind (George Clooney, 2002)- In this movie directed by George Clooney, the CIA approaches an actor and becomes an assassin that kills some of America’s enemies.

·      I Am Cuba (Mikhail Kalatzov, 1964)- A Cuban-Soviet film that encompasses the lives of everyday Cubans during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

·      The Bedford Incident (James B. Harris, 1965)- A U.S. destroyer finds a Soviet Submarine and a false alarm causes trouble for the crew.

·      Matinee (Joe Dante, 1993) – This film starring John Goodman takes place during the Cuban Missile Crisis and dramatizes the lives of impending doom of Americans.

·      Good Night and Good Luck (2005)- This George Clooney film the loyalty of some Americans come in question with a rapidly growing communist party and the beginnings of broadcast television.

Project Sapphire

History           [edit | edit source]

The fall of the Soviet Union left nuclear weapons materials spread across developing countries. Two United States Senators, Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar, in office at the time, saw the importance of monitoring the location of these materials, so that they could help prevent nuclear proliferation. It was a fear that the lack of monitoring would result in the aid of underdeveloped or threatening countries that did not previously have access to this weapons grade materials. In the early 1990s, the two Senators were able to deduce a number of resources that Kazakhstan had because they became aware of the resources the Soviet Union had in the newly formed country.[1]

1.    ''United States Government (1996). "Project Sapphire After Action Report" (PDF). After Action report DTRA.''

= Korean War Covert Missions = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Korean War took place from 1950-1953 and required many covert missions to properly aid in ending the war. These are the Korean War Covert Missions performed to assist in this task.

Operation Blossom- Early 1950s mission that used North Korean refugees to go in and create a resistance. This was a failed operation.

Operation Boxer I- The purpose of this 1953 operation was to disrupt the transportation of supplies being shipped via railway from the Soviet Union to North Korea.

Operation Boxer II- This mission was to interrupt the transportation of the supplies around Yongdae-ri. The mission was deemed successful

Operation Boxer III-Little information is known about this operation.

Operation Boxer IV- The mission here was located near Hungman and is claimed successful.

Operation Broken Reed- This 1952 mission was done by the orders of Harry Truman because he wanted as much information as possible about the then People’s Republic of China. Much information was received about China and the Soviet Union’s involvement with North Korea and the mission was deemed successful.

Operation Camel- This operation took place after the end of the war and the goal of this mission was to try to disturb any North Korean government officials.

Operation Green Dragon- This was a large mission that took place with the group, Combined Command Reconnaissance Activities Korea. The people involved would be parachuted down and create a station for future missions. Some of the people involved were trapped behind enemy lines and were never recovered.

Operation Haul Ass-In 1954, this operation was completed to rescue members who had been captured during a previous mission Operation Beehive.

Operation Hurricane- The mission was to come in contact with an alley in the area of Anju.

Operation Jesse James- The goal of this was to augment some of the Donkey units that were present at the time and had to be in three trials.

Operation Leopard- This was a mission to stop the flow of people fleeing North Korea into Chinese territories.

Operation Mustang I- This operation was made to capture prisoners of war. This was the first of many mustang operations and was canceled.

Operation Mustang II- This also was an operation to rescue POWs and one specific, General William Dean. The mission was canceled because of intel that may have proved the plan was already known.

Operation Mustang III- They were to contact Operation Leopard and try to communicate with and capture POWs.·       Operation Mustang IV- This sixteen crew mission was to dismantle a railroad that would cut some necessary supplies. This mission was considered a failure.

Operation Mustang V- This mission was to find an escape route for the prisoners but they were not heard from after they were dropped from the plane.

Operation Mustang VI- In route to rescue POWS, the parties of this operation lost contact.

Operation Mustang VII- This mission was to rescue POWS in North Korea, but all contact was lost.

Operation Mustang VIII- This was another mission to destroy the railroads, but there were no communications after the initial drop of the six-man team.

Operation Pappy

Operation Quicksilver

Operation Rabbit I

Operation Rabbit II

Operation Red Frog

Operation Shining Moon

Operation Spitfire

Operation Stole

Operation Storm Trooper

Operation Tropic

Operation Trudy Jackson
 * 1) Jump up^ Edwards, Paul (2009). Combat operations of the Korean War: ground, air, sea, special and covert. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. pp. 153–167.