User:Keniett J. Vazquez/sandbox

Animal attack

Animal attacks are violent, often fatal attacks caused by animals against humans. These attacks cause of human injuries and fatalities worldwide. According to the 2012 U.S. Pet Ownership & Demographics Sourcebook, 56% of United States citizens owned a pet. In the United States in 1994, approximately 4.7 million people were bitten by dogs. Bites are wound s caused as a result of an animal or human attack. The frequency of animal attacks varies with geographical location. In the United States, a person is more likely to be killed by a domesticated dog than they are to die from being hit by lightning according to the National Safety Council.

Animal attacks have been identified as a major public health problem. "Unprovoked attacks occur when the animal approaches and attacks a person(s) who is the principle attractant, for example, predation on humans..." In 1997, it was estimated that up to 2 million animal bites occur each year in the United States. Injuries caused by animal attacks result in thousands of fatalities worldwide every year. All causes of death are reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention each year. Medical injury codes are used to identify specific cases. The World Health Organization uses identical coding, though it is unclear whether all countries keep track of fatalities caused by animals. Though animals, excluding some tigers, do not regularly hunt humans, there is concern that these incidents are " bad for many species 'public image'.” (corrected grammar error)

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Animal attacks are violent, often fatal attackscaused by animals against humans, one of the most common being bites. Bites are wound s caused as a result of an animal or human attack. These attacks cause of human injuries and fatalities worldwide. According to the 2012 U.S. Pet Ownership & Demographics Sourcebook, 56% of United States citizens owned a pet. In the United States in 1994, approximately 4.7 million people were bitten by dogs. One factor that has notably affected the amount of these statistical numbers has been the increase in the animal population. This has increased the risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases and other bacteria that can affect human health.The frequency of animal attacks varies with geographical location. In the United States, a person is more likely to be killed by a domesticated dog than they are to die from being hit by lightning according to the National Safety Council.

Animal attacks have been identified as a major public health problem. In 1997, it was estimated that up to 2 million animal bites occur each year in the United States. Injuries caused by animal attacks result in thousands of fatalities worldwide every year. "Unprovoked attacks occur when the animal approaches and attacks a person(s) who is the principle attractant, for example, predation on humans..." All causes of death are reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention each year. Medical injury codes are used to identify specific cases. The World Health Organization uses identical coding, though it is unclear whether all countries keep track of fatalities caused by animals. Though animals, excluding some tigers, do not regularly hunt humans, there is concern that these incidents are " bad for many species 'public image'.”

Contents

 * 1Epidemiology and injuries
 * 2Infections
 * 3Treatments
 * 4Medical codes for animal attacks
 * 5Notable deaths
 * 6See also
 * 7References
 * 8Further reading
 * 9External links

Epidemiology and injuries[edit]
Animal bites are the most common form of injury from animal attacks. The U.S. estimated annual count of animal bites is 250,000 human bites, 1 to 2 million dog bites, 400,000 cat bites, and 45,000 bites from snakes. Bites from skunks, horses, squirrels, rats, rabbits, pigs, and monkeys may be up to 1 percent of bite injuries. Pet ferrets attacks that were unprovoked have caused serious facial injuries. Non-domesticated animals, though assumed to be more common especially as a cause of rabies infection, make up less than one percent of reported bite wounds. When a person is bitten, it is more likely to occur on the right arm, most likely due to defensive reactions when the victims uses her or his dominant arm. Estimates are that three quarters of bites are located on the arms or legs of humans. Bites to the face of humans constitutes only ten percent of the total. Two thirds of bite injuries in humans are suffered by children aged ten and younger. Bite injuries are often the consequences of an animal attack, including those instances when a human attacks another human. Human bites are the third most frequent type of bite after dog and cat bites. Dog bites are commonplace, with children the most commonly bitten with the face and scalp the most common target.

Infections[edit]
Animal bites carry an increased risk of infection due to their exposure to rabies and different bacteria that animals have in their oral cavity. Microbiological studies are carried out to determine some of these infections, frequently these infections are polymicrobial with different mixtures of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Some of these bacteria (other than rabies) identified by the remains that are maintained in the bites and by exposure to other variables and change of physical environment are: Pasturella spp., Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Moraxella, Corynebacterium, Neisseria, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Posphuomonoa, Capnocytophagacanimorsus and Prevotella.

Treatments[edit]
The subsequent treatment for those who have been attacked (if they survive) depends on the injuries. Though trauma may be addressed first, subsequent infections are also treated with appropriate antibiotics. The antibiotic normally recommended to treat infections and injuries caused by bites is amoxylin-clavulanic acid. It is important to visit a doctor if the injury is very serious. Up to three quarters of dog bites happen to those younger than 20 years-old. In the United States, the costs associated with dog bites are estimated to be more than $1 billion annually. The age groups that suffer most from dog bites are children 5 to 9 years-old. Often, bites go unreported and no medical treatment given. As many as one percent of pediatric emergency room visits are for treatment for animal bites. This is more frequent during the summer months. Up to five percent of children receiving emergency care for dog bites are then admitted to the hospital. Bites typically occur in the late afternoon and early evening. Girls are bitten more frequently by cats than they are by dogs. Boys are bitten by dogs two times more often than girls. To prevent serious and even fatal infections from bites, it is recommended to vaccinate both humans and animals with the rabies vaccine, even if the person is not directly exposed to that infection. In addition, it is essential to know and consider the probability of transmission, the animal species that caused the injury, the type of injury, the severity of the injury and age, health and other aspects of the affected individual. In 1936, amputation was required in one third of cases in which treatment was delayed for 24 hours or longer.

Medical codes for animal attacks[edit]
Injuries resulting from encounters with animals occur with sufficient frequency to require the use of medical codes by clinicians and insurance companies to document such encounters. The ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Codes are used for the purpose of clearly identifying diseases, their causes, injuries in the United States. Clinicians use these codes to quantify the medical condition and its causes and to bill insurance companies for the treatment required as a result of encounters with animals.

Article evaluation[edit]
Name of article: Animal attack (link) Briefly describe why you have chosen this article to evaluate: Animal behavior psychologists look to understand why animals behave in the way they do. It is important to examine the ways in which genetics and external environmental factors impact animal behavior, especially animal attacks. More specifically, animal attacks make one question whether or not human behavior is the actual cause of these tragic accidents. Lead Guiding questions Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic? The Lead does include an introductory sentence that is concise, but it focuses on the attacks involving humans and wild animals. The Lead is intentionally before the table of content and therefore its purpose is to summarize the main points of the article, but it did not. The article started off by stating that animal attacks cause severe harm to humans, and it even emphasizes the impact of animal attacks on humans, which provides the readers with some context. However, it was very repetitive and many of the ideas did not organically connect. The first element of the article read by readers is the Lead and in this case, the Lead is incomplete and did not include enough relevant information. The author could have addressed why animals attack humans, how risky human behavior is one of the main reasons for these injuries, or how victims of animal attacks are treated? Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections? The Lead briefly focuses on injury and the use of medical codes but does not focus on infection, treatment, causes, or effects. Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article? All the information in the Lead were present in the article, but were not very clear and needed to be more thorough. Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed? The Lead is concise and incomplete. All of the information in the table of content such as infections, epidemiology, and treatment was not thoroughly addressed in the article. Other pieces of information in the table of content such as injury and medical code were only briefly mentioned. The Lead only mentions how animal attacks cause severe injury to humans, how common it is to be attacked by an animal, and how medical codes are used to identify certain cases. Lead evaluation Content Guiding questions Is the article's content relevant to the topic? The article's content is somewhat relevant to the topic. Even though the article is addressing animal attacks, it focuses primarily on specific animals attacking humans and how these attacks significantly affect humans. The article does not address how animal attacks affect other animals or predators. The article does not thoroughly discuss infection or treatments. The article also fails to address the attack behavior or the psychology of the predator and the victim. However, since the animal attack is a fairly broad concept, this article aims to tackle a specific area of it, which is the effect of these attacks on humans. Is the content up-to-date? The content is mostly up-to-date. However, the author of this article begins by citing a source from 1997. The fact suggested that millions of humans are bitten by dogs annually and the author could have found a more recent source. Additionally, when addressing amputation injuries, the author cites a source from 1936, and again the author could have used a more up-to-date reference to support his or her research, as opposed to outdated sources that undermine his or her work. Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong? There is definitely some content missing, as well as, content that should be removed. The author does not mention the reasons for the attacks but very briefly does address the injuries of these attacks. Also, the author does not clearly or specifically explain which animal he or she is focusing on and mentions numerous animals throughout the article. Furthermore, the article does not mention the various types of treatment offered to victims or a specific treatment case study on an animal attack. Content evaluation Tone and Balance Guiding questions Is the article neutral? The article is not neutral because the author states facts as opinions, and does not cite multiple lines of his or her work. The author also fails to include the effects of these attacks on animals and strictly focuses on how it impacts humans, which ultimately ignores other perspectives. Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position? The author does not attempt to examine other perspectives or even address how animal attacks affect predators. Additionally, some of the factual information is not cited and therefore can be mistaken for an opinion instead of a fact. Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented? The author only addresses the impact of animal attacks on humans but does not shed a light on the reasons for the attacks. The article does not mention how risky human behavior may cause these attacks or how the low population of a predator's prey may be the cause of these accidents. Also, the author repeatedly mentions that animal attacks cause severe harm to humans, but the author fails to clearly address treatment, infections, and epidemiology. Does the article attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another? The author does attempt to persuade the readers in favor of his or her position. Throughout the article, the author stresses that animal attacks cause numerous human injuries and only includes sources that support that claim. The author does not mention how animal attacks impact wild animals or how these attacks harm them. Tone and balance evaluation Sources and References Guiding questions Are all facts in the article backed up by a reliable secondary source of information? The majority of the facts are backed up by a reliable secondary source, but some facts were not cited at all. Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic? Yes, all the sources are thorough and very relevant to the topic. Are the sources current? Yes, most of the sources are within the last ten years. However, the author makes reference to research and facts from the 30s and the 90s. Check a few links. Do they work? Yes the available links work, but some facts were not properly cited. Sources and references evaluation Organization Guiding questions Is the article well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read? The article was concise because it was incomplete and in need of more detail. It was not difficult to read or understand, but it lacked some substance and it was extremely repetitive. Does the article have any grammatical or spelling errors? There were a few grammatical and spelling errors. For instance, when addressing ferrets, the author writes "Pet ferrets attacks", instead of ferret attacks. Again, the author mentions that "no medical treatment given" instead of no medical treatment was given. Is the article well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic? The article is not well-organized because it was repetitive, and consisted of incomplete ideas and grammatical errors. Many of the ideas and sentences did not connect or serve any purpose. For instance, the article included a fact from 1997, which did not contribute to the piece and a current fact would have better supported the author's claims. Organization evaluation Images and Media Guiding questions Do the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic? The article has an image of a dog biting a human hand. It is a 1941 poster for the Cleveland Division of Health. However, animal attacks are attacks between animals and this image makes it appear that humans are always the victims of these attacks, which can be misleading. Are images well-captioned? The caption clearly states what the image represents and gives enough context about the general topic. Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations? The author's article provides the permission details, and the image is in the public domain, so it is fair to assume that the only image of this article adheres to Wikipedia's copyright regulations. Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way? There is only one image and it is from a 1941 poster so it is not attention-grabbing or visually appealing. However, it provides enough context about the overall topic. Images and media evaluation Checking the talk page Guiding questions What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic? There was a call to change the name of the article from animal attacks to animal attacks on humans, but after further discussion, it was instead changed to animal attacks. How is the article rated? Is it a part of any Wiki Projects? The article is a part of many wiki projects and it is rated C-class because it is missing some context, more detail, and proper citations. How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class? We have defined animal behavior as the study of actions of animals and we have also examined the relationship between animals and their environment. The author of this article focuses primarily on the interaction between a predator and its prey. More specifically, the effects of animal attacks on humans. Talk page evaluation Overall impressions Guiding questions What is the article's overall status? The article was rated C-class, Low Importance, it was last edited on 25 March 2019. Overall, the article is lacking critical details and missing some citations, so it is incomplete. What are the article's strengths? The author provides many sources to support his or her claims. The author also used reliable secondary sources to support their claims. How can the article be improved? The article needs more detail and to be completed. For instance, the author needs to focus on a specific predator and prey, as well as, the effects of these accidents on the prey and predator. The author should also address the reason for these attacks and how to improve the interaction between animals in order to reduce these attacks. How would you assess the article's completeness - i.e. Is the article well-developed? Is it underdeveloped or poorly developed? The article is repetitive, and lacks many significant details and citations; therefore it is poorly developed and incomplete. Overall evaluation Optional activity Choose at least 1 question relevant to the article you're evaluating and leave your evaluation on the article's Talk page. Be sure to sign your feedback Q: What are the causes and effects of animal attacks on predators and prey? with four tildes — 02:08, 22 September 2019 (UTC) AnimalBehaviorStudent (talk)

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