User:Kenpachi Kazuki/Fifteen Years War

The term of Fifteen Years War
Fifteen Years War was series of wars that involves mainly the Manchurian Incident, Sino-Japanese War, and Pacific War, and lasted for the duration of fifteen years, between 1931 and 1945. This name was first coined by Shunsuke Tsurumi in 1956. Tsurumi argued that discussing all these conflicts inclusively would help understand each of these events and their historical context more effectively. Hence, he created one category that was perceived as the Fifteen Years War.

= Manchurian Incident =

The Incidents before Manchurian Incident
Manchuria was valuable for Japan in terms of commodity markets or investments since the Japanese military had leased Kwantung, which was located in Liaodong Peninsula in China, after Russo-Japanese War in 1904 to 1905. In addition to such reason, at that time, as each country promoted economic blockage due to the Great Depression, Japan also had to form a yen block. Manchukuo was recognized as a proper area to be incorporated into Japan's economic zone. In 1928, Zhang Zuolin Assassination Incident carried out by the Japanese Kwantung army in order to make an excuse to make Mnchurian independent from China. However, his death boosted a Japanese product exclusion campaign and concession collection campaign in China.

Because Zhang Zuolin passed away, Zhang Xueliang succeeded in his position. At the time, Japan planned to build the railroad in Manchuria, but Zhang Xueliang who believed in a national revolution, opposed the Japanese policy. Through his maneuver, the whole China was gradually integrating. Hence, it was difficult for Japan to possess rights over Manchuria and develop the railway there. In order to make it possible for Japan to dominate Manchuria, the China Northeast (Tohoku) separation concept was prepared mainly by Kanji Ishiwara and Seishiro Itagaki. Then, on September 18th 1931, the plan was executed. It consisted of plating a bomb near the Liutiaogou (Lake in China) with the purpose of damaging an express train, but the train did not suffer any damages. This was Liutiaogou Incident and due to it, the Kwantung army began to attack the Chinese military entirely. This incident became the trigger of beginning the Manchurian Incident.

Manchurian Incident breaking out
Zhang Xueliang hoped for diplomatic solutions so that the military under him would not use physical force. As a result, the Kwantung army was capable of striking unilaterally so it finally got major spots along the Manchurian train. This army continued to invade Chinese realms such as Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning. These are called Northeast China or Manchu. On the other hand, the Japanese government had a sense of crisis about international relations with the United States of America and the Soviet Union because of Japan expanding the invasion to China. After suppressing these three areas, the Kwantung army made each of them be independent. As a result, based on the three independent areas, on March 1st in 1932, a puppet state of Manchukuo where Puyi was head had been established. League of Nations, at the period, was not able to take an effective sanction to Japan except for dispatching the investigation commission since major powers had trouble like depression so did not afford to paying attention to Japan. In 1932 from February to July, Lytton Commission sent by League of Nations investigated Manchukuo established by the Japanese Kwantung. The report the commission gave was favorable for Japan, which were that China had the sovereign power in Machukuo but in fact, Manchukuo was managed by the great powers including Japan. Nevertheless, Japan continued to invade Manchukuo to possess the right to reign the area. Hence, the USA which insisted on Open Door Policy in China opposed Japan strongly. As a result, issues about Manchukuo came to be discussed in League of Nations. In 1933, League of Nations General Assembly denied Manchukuo.

In response to the decision, in the same year, 1933 in March Japan withdrew from League of Nations and then, at the beginning of this year, the Kwantung army launched the Rehe Strategy which was integrating Rehe into Manchukuo. Japanese merits for Rehe were the first one was to protect Manchukuo from China and the Soviet Union. The second was by expanding territories, the plan by the Japanese military was executed more easily and the last was acquiring coal and opium. However, the difficulty to supply military power and public opinions led to the withdrawal from Manchukuo. Similarly, China also hoped for a ceasefire. As a result, in May 1933, both countries concluded Tanggu Truce Agreement, which was unfavorable for China. By this agreement, the Kwantung army annexed Manchukuo and Rehe province and got dominance virtually. Generally, Manchurian Incident refers to from Liutiaogou Incident to concluding Tanggu Truce Agreement.

The Characteristics of Manchurian Incident
Yoko Kato who is a historian in Tokyo University lists 4 features for the incident. ① This incident happened without any leader in China. Chiang Kai-shek was not in Nanjing that was the capital of China because he faced a war with the Communist Party in Jiangxi. Also, Chang Hsueh-liang left Manchukuo due to coping with a conflict in North China. ② The Japanese military, which was not permitted to interfere in politics, had initiative. ③ Behavior by Japanese violated international law. Therefore, Japan tried to separate Manchukuo from China behind closed doors so that the violation was not clear. ④ The range of Manchukuo kept enlarging by Japanese. Originally, Manchukuo was an area Japan and Russia hoped to possess and China was not able to make the border of Manchukuo. As a result, the border was vague so Japan made the use of it and widened the area in Manchukuo.

= Sino-Japanese War =

Before World War Two
In 1937 on July 7th, an incident that Japanese military which was training near the Marco Polo Bridge received some bullets, and on the next morning, the military attacked the Chinese military which seemed to have shot the bullets. This is the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, which is the inception of the Sino-Japanese War. In fact, who shot the bullets is not clear but the incident was not planned by Japanese military intentionally unlike the Liutiaogou Incident.

Although on 11th both countries signed the Armistice agreement, the Japanese Konoe Cabinet decided to send the military into the place. It aimed at dominated Northern Hebei following by the statement of total war on the 15th. Chinese National Government determined the battle against Japan as a clue of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident and this strategy was prepared sufficiently. On the other hand, the Japanese military had reckless thought that a large military could defeat the Chinese one, which would mean disturbance or confusion. In Shanghai, the battle lasted for 3 months with the Japanese hard fight. Afterward, Japan committed atrocities like massacre and plunder while occupying Nanjing. This was Nanjing Incident in 1937, which was caused because of Japanese making light of Chinese or feeling impatient and uneasy to the long lasting war with China. Japan was not able to be in advantageous positions on the colonies and tide of the war due to endurance by the Chinese army. Nevertheless, Japan was obsessed with being able to win China, which led to the failure of political solutions. For example, in the meantime the Japanese relationship with the United States and the United Kingdom was terrible gradually. In the battlefield stretching in Shanghai, the United Kingdom asked the United States to take any action against Japan. However, in the United States, there were mainly two public opinions, which was that the first one felt sorry for China and condemn Japan and the other was Monroe Doctrine which posited traditional isolationism. Therefore, the attitude was negative and on the other hand, that by the United Kingdom also lacked the consistency by some European issues. Although the United States took such a policy, it also was the fact that in October 1937 President Roosevelt blamed Japan and German as invaders in his speech. As the intensity of the Japanese military boosted more and more, finally the United State began to act, which was demanding for Japan appropriate measures as Japan violating Chinese areas the United States controlled authoritatively. Japan denied this request since it was the previous order. In 1939, the United State abolished Japan-US Trade and Navigation Treaty. At the same time, in the period, constructing the base of airplanes, Japan occupied Kainan Island. As a result, the indiscriminate bombing into urban areas broke out repeatedly. In the same year, 1939 on September 1st, German invaded Poland and in two days both the United Kingdom and France did the declaration of war against German. This was the inception of World War Two.

In World War Two
German, in 1940, invaded western Europe suddenly. Through this, Netherland and Belgium surrendered. In addition, Germany also attacked Paris, which triggered the surrender of the French government reigned by Philippe Pétain. Japan took use of this situation and exerted pressure on France to cease to support China. Japanese military utilized illegal weapons like bacteria and poison gas at the Chinese front but the Japanese prospect to win China was not. The three countries, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Netherland froze Japanese assets and particularly the United States also banned exporting petroleum to Japan in July 1941. To protest against these states, Japan decided to commence wars. Japan in December 1941, started Asia-Pacific War (World War Two) with sneak attacks into Malaya, Thailand, and Pearl Harbor. Due to the Asia-Pacific War, Chinese who lived in Southeast Asia denied giving any support to Japan. Since it worked against Japan and felt dissatisfied, the Japanese military killed thousands of Chinese, particularly in Singapore. However, on the other hand, the United States took part in World War Two and this became an advantage for China. In 1944, the greatest plan in the Sino-Japanese War by Japan was planned and executed. This was called as Operation Ichi-Go or Tairiku Datsū Sakusen. By this plan, Japan succeeded in occupying some major cities despite suffering from many damages but, since then the force was weakened because supplying necessary military supplies became difficult. The state of Chinese which got support from the United States was contrary to the Japanese one. In 1945, Soviet Union invaded Northeast China, Korea, and Sakhalin. At the same time, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Hiroshima prefecture and Nagasaki prefecture. This was a clue for the Japanese government to accept the Potsdam Declaration and this acceptance concluded the Sino-Japanese War. As a result, China endured for 8 years and won this War.

= Pacific War =

The background
In 1940, Netherland and the French surrendered to German. Japan took use of this surrender and asked Netherland for resources from Dutch East Indies, and furthermore, decided to invade the French Indochina with the purpose to get rid of any chance to supply relief goods into China and proceed with the Sino-Japanese War advantageously. The United Kingdom also was required to cease supporting China. Fundamentally, these countries approved Japanese requests. In the same year, the Tripartite Pact of Japan, Germany, and Italy was concluded. After that, Japan prescribed the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere which consisted of French Indochina and islands in the Pacific Ocean, and English Malaya, Borneo, State of Burma and India, Australia, and New Zealand, and Dutch East India, and finally independent Thailand. Such a Japanese strategy caused ABCD encirclement. In this situation, a war was starting unavoidably. Japanese Konoe's cabinet suggested to Hideki Tojo who was a minister of the military that should accept the United States' request to withdraw the Japanese from China but he rejected it. After Konoe's cabinet resigning, Tojo's cabinet was launched and incepted Pacific War on 8th December 1941.

The content
Japanese valued surprise attacks. At the beginning of the Pacific War, the attacks into the Malay Peninsula, Hawaii, Southeast Asia, and South Pacific were effective. On the other hand, because Japan raided the United States, this war involved the United States, which meant literally the world war. To enlarge the range of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, Japan occupied the colonies in southeast Asia the allied force possessed. Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere became an unfair class order consisting of different Asian ethnic groups. Japan mobilized people in the colonies forcibly due to the Sino-Japanese War but it did not admit the nationalism there so the behavior was one-sided and arrogant. In 1942, the Battle of Midway drove Japan away from the defensive in Pacific War. Furthermore, in the same period, German was defeated by the Soviet Union at Stalingrad and the surrender of Italy was decisive. Japan had lacked the supplies of energy like petroleum, clothes, and food. In 1945, the Great Tokyo Air Raid was happened, which sacrificed around a hundred thousand people. At the same time, the Okinawa War also gave the sacrifice more than a hundred thousand. In May 1945 German finally surrendered. Hiroshima prefecture and Nagasaki prefecture experienced atomic bombs and accepted the Potsdam Declaration, which led to the ending of the Pacific War (World War Two).

= The Argument for the term of Fifteen Years War = Although this term currently spreads, it is not the Japanese norm yet due to being controversial and receiving radical critics. Several historians insist in the discontinuity between the Manchurian Incident and the Sino-Japanese War. Katsumi Usui noted that the Manchurian Incident was ended with signing of the Tanggu Truce Agreement with the Japanese military. In addition, Ikuhiko Hata also stated incoherence between the two conflicts. Furthermore, those who consider the trial of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East to be a unilateral sanction by the winning states, this category is seen and negative and a partial analysis of the conflicts.

Also, there is an argument that this period can be described as the Seventeen Years War. The proponents of this categorization, refer to the Tokyo Trial Indictment which occurred in 1928, and this category recognizes the beginning not as the Manchurian Incident in 1931 but as the Second Shandong troop dispatch in 1928.