User:Kharbaan Ghaltaan/sandbox8

Muslim influence: 7th century – 16th century
Muslim rule and conquest in India spanned several centuries. In the 7th century, Arab traders established maritime trade routes with the southwestern coast of India, bringing Islamic influences to the region. Sufi missionaries, known for their mystical interpretation of Islam, began arriving in India during this period, spreading their teachings and establishing Sufi orders. Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh (in present-day Pakistan), establishing the first Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent. Mahmud of Ghazni, a Turkic ruler, led multiple invasions into northern India, plundering temples and amassing wealth. In 1192, Muhammad Ghori defeated the Rajput king Prithviraj Chauhan at the Battle of Tarain, marking the beginning of the Delhi Sultanate. Between 1206 and 1290, the Mamluk dynasty ruled Delhi. The Khalji dynasty came to power, led by Alauddin Khalji, who expanded the empire through military conquests.

The Vijayanagara Empire in South India remained independent and resisted Muslim invasions. In 1526, Babur, a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan, established the Mughal Empire in India after defeating Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat. The Mughal Empire reached its peak under emperors like Akbar, who promoted religious tolerance and cultural syncretism. Between 1658 and 1707, Aurangzeb, the last prominent Mughal emperor, expanded the empire to its greatest territorial extent but faced significant challenges due to religious policies.

Battle of Plassey saw the British East India Company defeat the Nawab of Bengal, marking the company's rise to power. The Third Battle of Panipat took place between the Maratha Confederacy and Ahmad Shah Durrani, resulting in a major Maratha defeat. In late 18th to early 19th centuries, the Marathas, Sikhs, and various regional kingdoms maintained their independence or asserted their dominance in different parts of India. Muslim rule was prominent in many parts of India, some regions remained under the control of Hindu, Sikh, and other indigenous rulers. The Vijayanagara Empire in the South, Rajputana in the Northwest, and various smaller kingdoms and principalities across the subcontinent continued to exist independently or under local rule. These regions preserved their cultural and political identities and often engaged in alliances or conflicts with the Muslim rulers. Tipu Sultan, also known as the Tiger of Mysore, was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India from 1782 until his death. He inherited a kingdom that had been engaged in conflicts with the British East India Company. Tipu Sultan continued to resist British expansion in South India. Tipu Sultan implemented various administrative and military reforms in his kingdom. He modernized his army, introduced new technology, and employed French military advisors. Tipu Sultan's resistance against British rule culminated in the four Anglo-Mysore Wars. Despite initial successes, he was eventually defeated by the British in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799). Tipu Sultan died during the final assault on his capital, Srirangapatna, and his kingdom was annexed by the British East India Company.

The Nizams of Hyderabad were the rulers of the princely state of Hyderabad, which covered parts of present-day Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra. The Nizams initially owed nominal allegiance to the Mughal Empire but gradually gained de facto independence. The Nizams played a significant role in the politics of the Deccan region and maintained a degree of autonomy during the British colonial period. The kingdom of Hyderabad was known for its wealth and opulence, with a rich cultural and architectural heritage. The Nizams followed a policy of neutrality and sought to balance their relations with the British, Marathas, and other regional powers.

British Colonization: 1858—1947
In 1600, the British East India Copany was granted a royal charter, marking the beginning of British involvement in India. Battle of Plassey takes place, where the British East India Company defeats the Nawab of Bengal. This victory establishes British influence in Bengal. The Treaty of Allahabad is signed, granting the East India Company the Diwani (revenue-collecting rights) of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. Indian National Congress (INC) was founded as a political organization advocating for Indian interests and self-government in 1885. The Santhal rebellion took place in 1855-1856 in present-day Jharkhand, then part of the Bengal Presidency. The Santhal community, predominantly a rural tribe, faced oppressive policies such as high rents, unfair land settlements, and forced labor imposed by the British administration. The rebellion was led by two Santhal brothers, Sidho Murmu and Kanhu Murmu, who emerged as prominent leaders and rallied their fellow Santhals to resist British oppression. The British responded with a brutal crackdown, deploying a large military force to suppress the rebellion. Thousands of Santhals lost their lives, and many were displaced from their ancestral lands.

The First Anglo-Afghan War took place between, where the British fought against Afghan forces to secure their influence in the region. In 1919, Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred in Amritsar, where British troops opened fire on a crowd of peaceful protestors, resulting in hundreds of deaths. Quit India Movement is launched by the Indian National Congress in 1942, demanding an end to British rule. The movement faces severe repression but signifies a significant step towards independence. Partition of Bengal was implemented by the British in 1905, sparking widespread protests. The partition was later revoked in 1911 due to public pressure. On August 9, 1925, the revolutionaries carried out their plan and attempted to stop the train at Kakori. However, due to a series of unforeseen circumstances and delays, the robbery was not entirely successful. The British authorities swiftly responded, leading to the arrest of several individuals associated with the plot. The Kakori Conspiracy resulted in a highly publicized trial, known as the Kakori Case, which gained significant attention both within India and internationally. The trial became a platform for the revolutionaries to voice their grievances against British rule and to advocate for the freedom of India. Mahatma Gandhi led the Salt March in 1930, a nonviolent protest against the British salt tax. This act of civil disobedience becomes a symbol of resistance against British rule. Quit India Movement was launched by the Indian National Congress in 1942, demanding an end to British rule. The movement faces severe repression but signifies a significant step towards independence.

India in 21st century
Military standoffs between India and Pakistan and attack on Indian parliament building increased possibilities of military conflict in India. In 2002 a violent riot erupted in Gujarat, between Hindus and Muslims. It was triggered by burning of a train carrying 59 Hindu pilgrims. Throughout 2003, Indian economy progressed and peace process with Pakistan gained momentum. In 2004 Manmohan Singh became prime minister, marking return of the Congress party to rule.

Republic of India: 1947—present
India gained independence from British rule on the 15th of August in 1947, a day before the establishment of Pakistan. After independence, the numerous princely states that existed within British India were given the choice to join either India or Pakistan. Through negotiations and accords, most princely states were integrated into India, culminating in the adoption of the Indian Constitution in 1950 and the establishment of a federal democratic republic. Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister, led the country during this period. His vision emphasized secularism, democracy, and socialist policies. Nehru focused on nation-building, industrialization, and the promotion of education and science. The Five-Year Plans were introduced to foster economic development and reduce poverty.

India has faced several conflicts and wars since independence. The Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1947-1948, 1965, and 1971, as well as the Kargil War in 1999, had significant implications for the region. The dispute over Kashmir has been a major source of tension between India and Pakistan. Kashmir, a region with a predominantly Muslim population, was ruled by a Hindu ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh, at the time of partition. Both India and Pakistan claimed Kashmir based on religious and geographical factors. In 1947, armed conflict erupted, leading to the division of Kashmir into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir. The conflict over Kashmir has resulted in several wars between India and Pakistan. The first war took place in 1947-1948, shortly after partition, followed by wars in 1965 and 1971. These conflicts have caused immense human suffering and have strained diplomatic relations between the two countries. The Line of Control, a de facto border, was established to separate the Indian and Pakistani-controlled parts of Kashmir. The 1971 war between India and Pakistan resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. India supported the Bengali liberation movement, leading to the defeat of Pakistani forces. While allegations of war crimes were made by both sides, the historical context and accounts of the events are complex and varied.

Communal riots in cities of India have been unfortunate episodes marked by communal tensions and violence between different religious or ethnic communities. These incidents have occurred sporadically throughout India's post-independence history. Following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards in 1984, anti-Sikh riots erupted primarily in Delhi and Bokaro. Thousands of Sikhs were targeted and killed, and Sikh-owned businesses and gurdwaras were attacked. The demolition of the Babri Masjid, a mosque in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, in 1992, triggered communal tensions and riots across the country. Cities like Mumbai, Ahmedabad, and Jaipur witnessed significant violence and loss of lives. The event and its aftermath led to prolonged communal tensions and court battles over the disputed site. Communal riots in Gujarat in 2002 were sparked by the Godhra train burning incident, where a train carrying Hindu pilgrims was set on fire, resulting in the deaths of several passengers. The riots that followed witnessed widespread violence, particularly targeting the Muslim community. Ahmedabad was severely affected, and the violence resulted in significant loss of lives and displacement. India also experienced internal conflicts, such as the Naxalite movement and separatist movements in states like Punjab and Assam.

In 1991, India initiated economic reforms to liberalize its economy. The country shifted from a state-controlled model to a market-oriented approach, opening up to foreign investment, reducing trade barriers, and implementing fiscal and financial reforms. These changes led to significant economic growth, the rise of the middle class, and the emergence of India as a global economic power. India has experienced rapid advancements in technology and information technology (IT). The growth of the IT sector, the spread of mobile and internet connectivity, and the digital revolution have had a profound impact on various aspects of Indian society, including communication, commerce, and governance. It led to the rise of cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Chennai as major IT hubs, contributing to India's economic growth and global recognition as a technology powerhouse.

India in 21st century
In 2000, then U.S president Bill Clinton made a visit to India. A summit was held between Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Pakistan's president Pervez Musharraf, which failed due to different stance of Kashmir. Three new states — Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand (originally Uttaranchal) — were formed in November 2000. In 2001, an Islamic militant Afzal Guru attacked Indian parliament building. A standoff occurred between India and Pakistan between 2001 and 2002. In 2002 a train burning incident caused riots in Gujarat, which took lives of 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus and 223 people went missing. Throughout 2003, India's speedy economic progress, political stability, and a rejuvenated peace initiative with Pakistan increased the government's popularity.

Following years, India witnessed deadly terrorist attacks in its history. In 2008, Mumbai attacks

Republic of India: 1950–present (Q(@
In January 1980, Indira Gandhi and her Congress Party were re-elected with a significant majority. However, the rise of insurgency in Punjab and communal violence in Assam posed security challenges. Operation Blue Star, conducted by Indian forces to flush out militants from the Golden Temple in Amritsar, resulted in civilian casualties and damage to the temple, leading to tensions within the Sikh community. The government used police operations to suppress militant activities, but allegations of civil liberties abuses arose. In October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards, triggering the anti-Sikh riots in Delhi and Punjab, causing widespread deaths and destruction. Congress Party leaders were implicated in instigating the violence. Investigations into the causes and perpetrators have been inconclusive so far.

In 1971, India intervened in the Bangladesh War of Independence, supporting the cause of the Bengali population against the Pakistani army. The conflict resulted in the independence of East Pakistan, which became the new nation of Bangladesh. Indira Gandhi gained immense popularity for her role in the war. The Simla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan in 1972, establishing guidelines for bilateral relations and resolving conflicts related to the Bangladesh War. In 1975, a state of emergency was declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, leading to the suspension of civil liberties and increased centralization of power.

Since 1990s, insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir have risen. Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in Chennai in 1991 and was succeeded by P. V. Narasimha Rao as prime minister. Rao-led government promoted economic libersalisation, which began promoting foreign investment. Following demolition of the Babri Masjid, a two month long riot occurred in Mumbai, between 1991 and 1992.

1999, another war was fought between India and Pakistan – Kargil War, before signing of Lahore Declaration. Three new states — Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand (originally Uttaranchal) — were formed in November 2000. The 2002 Gujarat riots was one of the biggest communal violence, leading to the deaths of 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus and with 223 people reported missing.

Economy
According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Indian economy in 2022 was nominally worth $3.46 trillion; it was the fifth-largest economy by market exchange rates and is, around $11.6 trillion, the third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). With its average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two decades, and reaching 6.1% during 2011–2012, India is one of the world's fastest-growing economies. However, the country ranks 139th in the world in nominal GDP per capita and 118th in GDP per capita at PPP. Until 1991, all Indian governments followed protectionist policies that were influenced by socialist economics. Widespread state intervention and regulation largely walled the economy off from the outside world. An acute balance of payments crisis in 1991 forced the nation to liberalise its economy; since then, it has moved increasingly towards a free-market system by emphasising both foreign trade and direct investment inflows. India has been a member of World Trade Organization since 1 January 1995. The 522-million-worker Indian labour force is the world's second-largest, as of 2017. The service sector makes up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. India's foreign exchange remittances of US$100 billion in 2022, highest in the world, were contributed to its economy by 32 million Indians working in foreign countries. Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes. Major industries include textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food processing, steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, and software. In 2006, the share of external trade in India's GDP stood at 24%, up from 6% in 1985. In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.7%; In 2021, India was the world's ninth-largest importer and the sixteenth-largest exporter. Major exports include petroleum products, textile goods, jewellery, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and manufactured leather goods. Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, and chemicals. Between 2001 and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%. India was the world's second-largest textile exporter after China in the 2013 calendar year.

Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% for several years prior to 2007, India has more than doubled its hourly wage rates during the first decade of the 21st century. Some 431 million Indians have left poverty since 1985; India's middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by 2030. Though ranking 68th in global competitiveness, as of 2010, India ranks 17th in financial market sophistication, 24th in the banking sector, 44th in business sophistication, and 39th in innovation, ahead of several advanced economies. With seven of the world's top 15 information technology outsourcing companies based in India, as of 2009, the country is viewed as the second-most favourable outsourcing destination after the United States. India is ranked 40th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023. As of 2023, India's consumer market was the world's fifth-largest. Driven by growth, India's nominal GDP per capita increased steadily from US$308 in 1991, when economic liberalisation began, to US$1,380 in 2010, to an estimated US$1,730 in 2016. It is expected to grow to US$2,466 by 2022. However, it has remained lower than those of other Asian developing countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and is expected to remain so in the near future.

According to a 2011 PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) report, India's GDP at purchasing power parity could overtake that of the United States by 2045. During the next four decades, Indian GDP is expected to grow at an annualised average of 8%, making it potentially the world's fastest-growing major economy until 2050. The report highlights key growth factors: a young and rapidly growing working-age population; growth in the manufacturing sector because of rising education and engineering skill levels; and sustained growth of the consumer market driven by a rapidly growing middle-class. The World Bank cautions that, for India to achieve its economic potential, it must continue to focus on public sector reform, transport infrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal of labour regulations, education, energy security, and public health and nutrition. According to the Worldwide Cost of Living Report 2017 released by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) which was created by comparing more than 400 individual prices across 160 products and services, four of the cheapest cities were in India: Bangalore (3rd), Mumbai (5th), Chennai (5th) and New Delhi (8th).

Industries
India's telecommunication industry is the second-largest in the world with over 1.2 billion subscribers. It contributes 6.5% to India's GDP. After the third quarter of 2017, India surpassed the US to become the second-largest smartphone market in the world after China. The Indian automotive industry, the world's second-fastest-growing, increased domestic sales by 26% during 2009–2010, and exports by 36% during 2008–2009. In 2022, India became the world's third-largest vehicle market after China and the United States, surpassing Japan. At the end of 2011, the Indian IT industry employed 2.8 million professionals, generated revenues close to US$100 billion equalling 7.5% of Indian GDP, and contributed 26% of India's merchandise exports. Concentration of automotive industry are found around Delhi NCR, Mumbai-Pune, Chennai-Bangalore and Jamshedpur-Kolkata.

The pharmaceutical industry in India emerged as a global player. As of 2021, with 3000 pharmaceutical companies and 10,500 manufacturing units India is the world's third-largest pharmaceutical producer, largest producer of generic medicines and supply up to 50–60% of global vaccines demand, these all contribute up to US$24.44 billions in exports and India's local pharmaceutical market is estimated up to US$42 billion. India is among the top 12 biotech destinations in the world. The Indian biotech industry grew by 15.1% in 2012–2013, increasing its revenues from ₹204.4 billion (Indian rupees) to ₹235.24 billion (US$3.94 billion at June 2013 exchange rates).

India is first country in Asia to produce iron and steel. The first steel plant in Asia was built by the Tata Steel in Jamshedpur. Since then, India have became a leading manufacturer of iron and steel in Asia. Most of the steel industry is centered around three states — Odisha, Jharkhand and West Bengal. Tata Steel is the largest private sector steel company of India, which also operates in the United Kingdom and Bangladesh.

Minerals and resources
Jharkhand holds highest mineral reserves in India. The state have been holding special positions in mineral reserves. Asia's deepest copper mines are located near Jamshedpur. World's largest mica reserves are found in the Koderma district of Jharkhand. India is the world’s third largest importer of crude oil after the European Union and China. The country doesn't hold high reserves of oil like Arab countries. However, the undiscovered oil resources in India’s EEZ is more than 7.4 BTOE, which is enough to meet the needs for more than 50 years. The government has offered 5 deep water blocks in the Andaman Basin having a total potential of 1296 Goilbbl to the private companies. Entire zone rich in oil & natural gas is spread across an area of 83,419 square km. 22 deep water bores were explored and were found to be rich in oil & natural gas. The 5 deep water blocks for which private companies were invited to exploit the reserves commercially have not been touched upon in the last 2 years.

British Colonization: 1858—1947
The British presence in India began with the establishment of the British East India Company in the early 17th century. Initially, the company engaged in trade, but over time it expanded its influence and gained control over large parts of India. Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British government assumed direct control over India, establishing the British Raj. The Raj lasted from 1858 to 1947 and was characterized by British governance and administration over Indian territories. The introduction of Western education led to the rise of a Western-educated Indian middle class, which played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement. The British also influenced social practices, such as the abolition of certain customs like sati (widow burning) and the promotion of the English language and culture.

The Santhal rebellion took place in 1855-1856 in present-day Jharkhand, then part of the Bengal Presidency. The Santhal community, predominantly a rural tribe, faced oppressive policies such as high rents, unfair land settlements, and forced labor imposed by the British administration. The rebellion was led by two Santhal brothers, Sidho Murmu and Kanhu Murmu, who emerged as prominent leaders and rallied their fellow Santhals to resist British oppression. The British responded with a brutal crackdown, deploying a large military force to suppress the rebellion. Thousands of Santhals lost their lives, and many were displaced from their ancestral lands.

On August 9, 1925, the revolutionaries carried out their plan and attempted to stop the train at Kakori. However, due to a series of unforeseen circumstances and delays, the robbery was not entirely successful. The British authorities swiftly responded, leading to the arrest of several individuals associated with the plot. The Kakori Conspiracy resulted in a highly publicized trial, known as the Kakori Case, which gained significant attention both within India and internationally. The trial became a platform for the revolutionaries to voice their grievances against British rule and to advocate for the freedom of India.

Mahatma Gandhi, a prominent leader during the Indian independence movement, spearheaded several significant movements. The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) aimed to boycott British institutions, promote swadeshi (domestic goods), and encourage non-violent resistance. Gandhi's leadership was instrumental in the iconic Salt March (1930), where he led a 240-mile march to the Arabian Sea, protesting the British monopoly on salt production and inspiring civil disobedience across the nation. The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934) was another prominent endeavor led by Gandhi, which involved mass protests, non-payment of taxes, and the famous Dandi March. During the Quit India Movement (1942), Gandhi called for the immediate withdrawal of the British from India, leading to mass arrests and widespread civil unrest. Through his unwavering commitment to non-violence and civil disobedience, Gandhi played a pivotal role in mobilizing millions of Indians and shaping the course of the independence movement.

Republic of India: 1947—present
India gained independence from British rule on the 15th of August in 1947, a day before the establishment of Pakistan. After independence, the numerous princely states that existed within British India were given the choice to join either India or Pakistan. Through negotiations and accords, most princely states were integrated into India, culminating in the adoption of the Indian Constitution in 1950 and the establishment of a federal democratic republic. Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister, led the country during this period. His vision emphasized secularism, democracy, and socialist policies. Nehru focused on nation-building, industrialization, and the promotion of education and science. The Five-Year Plans were introduced to foster economic development and reduce poverty.

India has faced several conflicts and wars since independence. The Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1947-1948, 1965, and 1971, as well as the Kargil War in 1999, had significant implications for the region. The dispute over Kashmir has been a major source of tension between India and Pakistan. Kashmir, a region with a predominantly Muslim population, was ruled by a Hindu ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh, at the time of partition. Both India and Pakistan claimed Kashmir based on religious and geographical factors. In 1947, armed conflict erupted, leading to the division of Kashmir into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir. The conflict over Kashmir has resulted in several wars between India and Pakistan. The first war took place in 1947-1948, shortly after partition, followed by wars in 1965 and 1971. These conflicts have caused immense human suffering and have strained diplomatic relations between the two countries. The Line of Control, a de facto border, was established to separate the Indian and Pakistani-controlled parts of Kashmir. The 1971 war between India and Pakistan resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. India supported the Bengali liberation movement, leading to the defeat of Pakistani forces. While allegations of war crimes were made by both sides, the historical context and accounts of the events are complex and varied.

India also experienced internal conflicts, such as the Naxalite movement and separatist movements in states like Punjab and Assam.

Communal violence
Communal riots in cities of India have been unfortunate episodes marked by communal tensions and violence between different religious or ethnic communities. These incidents have occurred sporadically throughout India's post-independence history. Following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards in 1984, anti-Sikh riots erupted primarily in Delhi and Bokaro. Thousands of Sikhs were targeted and killed, and Sikh-owned businesses and gurdwaras were attacked. The demolition of the Babri Masjid, a mosque in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, in 1992, triggered communal tensions and riots across the country. Cities like Mumbai, Ahmedabad, and Jaipur witnessed significant violence and loss of lives. The event and its aftermath led to prolonged communal tensions and court battles over the disputed site. Communal riots in Gujarat in 2002 were sparked by the Godhra train burning incident, where a train carrying Hindu pilgrims was set on fire, resulting in the deaths of several passengers. The riots that followed witnessed widespread violence, particularly targeting the Muslim community. Ahmedabad was severely affected, and the violence resulted in significant loss of lives and displacement.

In 1991, India initiated economic reforms to liberalize its economy. The country shifted from a state-controlled model to a market-oriented approach, opening up to foreign investment, reducing trade barriers, and implementing fiscal and financial reforms. These changes led to significant economic growth, the rise of the middle class, and the emergence of India as a global economic power. India has experienced rapid advancements in technology and information technology (IT). The growth of the IT sector, the spread of mobile and internet connectivity, and the digital revolution have had a profound impact on various aspects of Indian society, including communication, commerce, and governance. It led to the rise of cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Chennai as major IT hubs, contributing to India's economic growth and global recognition as a technology powerhouse.