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High and low temperature minerals from the pyrometamorphic zones (natural analogues/ cement zones) of Daba-Siwaqa, Maqarin and Suweileh areas of Jordan

Hani N. Khoury The University of Jordan Amman Jordan 11942 khouryhn@ju.edu.jo

Summary The following is a summary of the intensive work carried out during the last fifty years by many researchers on the pyrometamorphic rocks (natural analogues/ cement zones) of Jordan (Abdul-Jaber and Khoury 1998; Alexander 1992; Britvin et al., 2015; Eckhardt and Heimbach 1963; Elie et al., 2007; Fleurance et al., 2013; Fourcade et al., 2007; Heimbach, 1965; Heimbach and Rosch 1980; Hauff et al. 1983; Khoury 1993, 2006, 2012, 2014a, b, 2015; Khoury and Nassir 1982a, b; Khoury and Salameh 1986; Khoury and Abu-Jayab 1995; Khoury and Al-Zoubi 2014; Khoury et al., 1984, 2014, 2015(a,b), 2016(a, b, c); Linklater 1998; Nassir and Khoury 1982; Pitty and Alexander 2011; Smellie 1998; Sokol et al., 2016,2017; Stasiak et al., 2016; Techer et al., 2006; Wieseman and Rosch 1969). The pyrometamorphic rocks and the associated kerogen-rich biomicrites and travertine are widely distributed in Daba-Siwaqa, Maqarin and Suweileh areas of north and central Jordan Jordan (Figure 1). The rocks are varicolored and are characterized by the presence of unusual high and low temperature minerals. The colors are black, white, all shades of yellow, gray, brown, red and green) and are partially related to the high concentrations of sensitive reduced elements (SRE) incorporated in the structure of these minerals and to the temperature of metamorphism. Many new oxide and sulphide minerals were reported for the first time in central Jordan. Table 1 lists the identified minerals in Maqarin, Daba-Siwaqa and Suweileh areas until 2017. The high temperature minerals were formed as a result of decarbonation-dehydration-recrystallization processes at high temperature, low pressure conditions. The minerals include among others: diopside, wollastonite, monticellite, gehlenite-akermanite, spurrite, and merwinite. Such minerals are members of the decarbonation univarient progressive reaction series and are characteristic of contact metamorphic rocks. Other important minerals are garnet, anorthite, pervoskite, magnesioferrite, fluorapatite, recrystallized calcite, (See Table 1a). The assemblages indicate isochemical decarbonation-dehydration reactions that are related to pyrometamorphism of bituminous impure siliceous and argillaceous biomicritic limestones. Textural and structural results (porphyroblastic, poikiloblastic and granulated textures, broken and fractured crystals and columnar structure), in addition to the nature of crystal growth (cavity, vein and fracture fillings and concretionary growth) suggest a relatively spontaneous heating followed by rapid cooling. Maximum temperature was achieved along weakness zones with maximum availability of oxygen along the weakness zones. Spurrite is the most commonly observed rock-forming mineral in this assemblage and is present in many cases as concretionary growth with wollastonite. Such a paragenesis is an indication of prograde metamorphism with CO2 volatiles playing an important role in calcareous rocks during the formation of high temperature minerals. The low temperature minerals were formed as a result of hydration-carbonation-sulphatization-replacement- alteration-weathering processes and include among others calcium silicate hydrates (tobermorite, jennite, afwillite, apophyllite), sulfates (ettringite, hashemite, barite, thaumasite, gypsum), stable and metastable carbonates (calcite, vaterite, aragonite, kutnahorite), oxides and hydroxides (goethite, portlandite, hydrocalumite), and many calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminum silicate hydrates (See Table 1b). The low temperature minerals indicate later multi-stage retrograde reactions. Solid solution series are very common in the hydrated retrograde products (ettringite-thaumasite, different apatite structures with varying fluorine content, high potassium fluorine apophyllite; CrO42- replaces SO42-, and isomorphous substitution of CO32-, SiO44- and CrO42-…. etc ...). Apatite (ellestadite and fluoroapatite) is the major cause for coloration of marble (excluding the coloration of secondary minerals filling voids, veins and fractures). The metamorphic rocks are the product of metamorphism of the chalk-biomicrite and its statigraphic equivalents in north and central Jordan. The identified high and low temperature minerals of central Jordan, Maqarin and Suweileh areas are given in Table 1a, b. The occurrence of high and low temperature minerals is quite normal and well known from contact metamorphosed limestone. The presence of high temperature minerals assumes a contact metamorphic origin equivalent to the sanidinite and pyroxene hornfels facies. The high and low temperature minerals are also present in Portland cement clinkers and hydrated cement products. A model other than igneous intrusion has to be looked for to explain the source of heat needed to form high temperature minerals under the same conditions as contact metamorphism. The most reasonable and accepted model to explain such a phenomenon is the combustion theory. Spontaneous combustion of organic matter, especially in bituminous rocks are well known in literature and are also reported in coal mines. Combustion depends on the triggering event, availability of oxygen and the presence of organic matter. The stratigraphic equivalents to the marble in Jordan are rich in organic matter (up to 30% in the biomicrite), providing a significant potential for spontaneous combustion. Miocene tectonism was possibly the event that initiated the combustion in north and central Jordan (Maqarin, Suweileh and Daba-Siwaqa areas). The studied areas are crossed by several major Miocene faults. Tectonism formed fissures and fractures that acted as channels and pathways for oxygen supplies needed for combustion and probably for the oxidation of sulphides. Secondary channels were possibly formed as a result of volume decrease following mass loss as a function of evolved volatiles and rapid cooling following combustion. Continuous heating and cooling would lead to a continuous expansion-contraction phenomenon. Secondary channels and pathways would lead to a self-generating mechanism, where spontaneous combustion of organic matter occurs. The confinement and restriction of the metamorphosed zone in the biomicrite formation indicates that availability of oxygen is the controlling factor that determines where metamorphism occurs. This is indicated by the occurrence of un-metamorphosed lenses of biomicrite in the lower part of the marble zone of the studied areas. The analyzed samples of the decarbonated rocks are strongly enriched in light isotopes of oxygen and carbon. The higher the temperature of combustion, as indicated from the colors of apatite the higher the enrichment in light stable isotopes. The normal phosphatic samples average 18OPDB = 6.8‰; dark gray apatite-rich samples average 18O = -10‰; violet apatite-rich samples average 18OPDB = -12.4‰. Decarbonation and interaction with CO2 derived from combustion of organic matter is a possible mechanism for the depletion of the rock of heavy isotopes. The decarbonation process involves the release of CO2 enriched in 18O whereas the CO2 derived from the oxidation of organic matter is highly depleted in C13. The higher enrichment of calcite and apatite with light carbon rather than oxygen could be attributed to interaction with groundwater during the retrograde processes. The unmetamorphosed phosphatic rocks have an isotopic composition in the range of normal marine carbonates. The decarbonated rocks show enrichment in light isotopes; the slightly metamorphosed rocks give intermediate values. Results of stable isotopes from Recent travertine varieties showed enrichment in light isotopes and plotted within the range of decarbonated rocks. The isotope study indicates that the uptake of atmospheric CO2 (kinetic reaction) is responsible for the depletion of heavy isotopes from travertine. An explanation is needed however, for the formation of some high temperature minerals (diopside, wollastonite, monticellite, gehlenite-akermanite, spurrite, and merwinite ….) at low XCO2. The CO2 rich volatiles should escape from the reaction site to derive the reaction spontaneously. Dilution of CO2 by groundwater is very possible. The evolved volatiles could produce volume change in the initially chalky limestone and the bituminous marl (biomicrite) as a result of rapid increase in temperature. The evolution of volatiles could form rapidly and exceeds the initial load pressure due to the low permeability of the rocks. Accordingly, fractures, joints and fissures would have resulted and would have acted as channels. The movement of volatiles increased the rock conductivity. Diffusion therefore was rapid along fissures and fractures to allow equilibrium of newly formed minerals.

Figure 1. Location map of the pyrometamorphic zones of Daba-Siwaqa, Maqarin and Suweileh areas of Jordan

Table 1. High and low temperature minerals from the pyrometamorphic zones (natural analogues/ cement zones) of Central Jordan+, Maqarin* and Suweileh areas#. Table 1a. High temperature minerals Minerals 	General Formulae NATIVE ELEMENTS Graphite+*17	C Copper+33,34,36	Cu Silver+23,24,36	Ag SULPHIDES (Se, As) Oldhamite+*#33,34,36	CaS to CaS0.9Se0.1 Cu-K-Na-Selenide*17,25,26,27,32,34,36	Cu10.2K3Na0.2Se7.7S2..3 (approx.) Krutaite*17,24,25,26,27,31,32,34,36	CuSe2 Cu-K-Na-Selenide*17,24,25,26,26	Cu10.2K3Na0.2Se7.7S2..3 (approx.) Sphalerite-Stilleite+6,24,25,26,27,31,32,34	ZnS-ZnSe Cadmium-rich sphalerite+6,32,34	ZnCdS Wurtzite+6,32,34,36	(Zn0.88Cd0.08Fe0.01Cu0.01)S0.99S1.01As0.01 Sphalerite+6,32,34,36	Zn0.88Cd0.07Fe0.01Cu0.01)S0.97S0.03 Gersdorffite +6,32,34,	NiAs/S Millerite+6,32,34,36	Zn-Ni S/Se Unidentified+6,32,34	Fe-Ni-Cu -Cr-Zn-Mo-BaS/Se Makinenite+6,32,34	Ni-Se/S Stilleite+6,32,34,36	Zn-Se/S Makinenite+6,32,34	NiSe Greenockite +6,32	CdS Acanthite or argentite +6,32,34,	Ag2S Samaniite+ 6,32,34,35,36	Cu2Fe5Ni2S8 Cu-rich djerfisherite +6,32,34	K6Na(Cu,Fe,Ni) 25S26Cl Pyrrhotite+6,32,34,36	FexS1-x Galena+*6,17,32,34,36	PbS Chalcopyrite+6,32,34,36	CuFeS Zincite+6,32,34,36 	(Zn Cd)O Pyrite+6,32,34,36	Fe-Ni-V-Cu-(Mo) S2 Pyrite+*6,17,32,36	FeS2 PHOSPHATES_VANADATES Fluorapatite+*#6,17,20,23,24 ,31,32,34,35,36,37	Ca10(PO4)6F2 Fluorapatite [(SO4) bearing+#6,17,31 ,34,36,37	Ca10(PO4 SO4)6F2 Fluor-carbonate apatite+*#6,17,20,23,24,36,37	Ca10-x-y(Na,K)xMgx(PO4)6-z(CO3)zF0.4z F2 Ellestadite+*#6,17,20,23,24,25,26,27,31,32,34,36,37	Ca10(SiO4)3(SO4)3O24(Cl,OH,F)2 Nagelschmidtite+6,30,31,32,34,36,37	Ca7Si2P2O16 Fluorellestadite+6,31,32,34,35,36,37	Ca5(SiO4)(PO4)(SO4)F Na-sulfato-phosphates+6,31,32,34,36,37	Na-S-P (unidentified) Ba–Sr phase+28	(Ca, Ba, Sr)10-x□x[(SO4) 3(PO4)3](F−, O2−, Cl−)2 (1< X < 2) Wakefieldite+6,23,24,31,32,34,36	Ce (Ce,Ca,U)[(VO4) NATURAL PHOSPHIDES Negevite +3	NiP2 Zuktamrurite +3	FeP2 Murashkoite +3	FeP Halamishite +3	Ni5P4 Transjordanite+3 	Ni2P OXIDES, FERRITES, ALUMINATES AND MIXED OXIDES Lime+*1,6,17,20,23,24 ,31,32,34,36	CaO Periclase+*1,6,17,20,23,24,24 ,31,32,34,36	MgO Periclase+6,20,23,24, 31,32,34,36	(Mg,Zn,Ni,Cu)O Grossite+6,20,23,,24, 31,32,34,36	CaAl4O7 Magnesiochromite+6,23,24 ,31,32,34,36 MgCr2O4 Perovskite+6,23,24, ,31,32,34,,36	CaTiO3 Magnesioferrite+6,23,24, 31,32,33,34,36 MgFe2O4 Spinel+6,23,24,24, 31,32,33,34,36	(Mg,Fe)Al2O4 Chromite+ 4,6,23,24, 31,32,33,34,36 	FeCr2O4 Hematite or ferric oxide+*6,24,25,31,32,33,36	α-Fe2O3 Magnetite (?)*17	Fe3O4 Maghemite (?)*17	γ-Fe2O3 Ca-aluminate*17	Undefined Calcium ferrite*17 	CaFe2O3 Brownmillerite+*#6,17,20,23,24,25,,27,31,32,34 ,36	Ca2(Fe1–xAlx)2O5 (Ti-, Cr-, and/or Zn-bearing) Multiple element ferrites*17 	(Ca,Ba,Cr,Al,Ti,Mg,Zn,Mn)Fe2O3  Undefined Hercynite+6,18,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34, 36	FeAl2O4 Bunsenite+6,18,23,24, 30,31,32,34,36	NiO Srebrodolskite+6,18,23,24 ,30,31,32,34 ,36	Ca2Fe3+2O5 Harmunite+6,18,23,24, 30,31,32,34,336	Ca2Fe3+2O4 Hibonite+6,18,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,33,34,,36	CaAl12O19 Perovskite+6,18,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34,36	CaTiO3 Magnesioferrite+6,18,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34,36	MgFe3+2O4 Lakargiite+23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34	Ca(Zr,U,Ti,Fe)O3 Powellite+23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34	CaMoBaO4 Shulamitite+23,24,25,27,30,31,32,34,	Ca3TiFe3+AlO8 Lime-monteponite SS+24,25,26	(Ca,Cd)O SS Tululite+25,27	(Ca,Cd) 4 (Fe3+,Al) (Al,Zn,Fe3+,Si,P,Mn,Mg)15 O36 Zincite+6,18,23,24 ,30,31,32,34,	(Zn,Cd)O Cerianite+6,18,23,24, 30,31,32,34,	(Ce,Th)O2 Cuprite+6,18,23,24, 30,31,32,34,36	Cu2O Tenorite+6,18,23,24, 30,31,32,34,36	CuO Cassiterite+6,18,23,24, 30,31,32,34,36	SnO2 CARBONATES Calcite+*6,917,18,23,24, 30,31,32,34,36	CaCO3 Calcite+6,18,23,24, 30,31,32,34,36 	Ca-Zn-Cd-(Mo-Ni-V) CO3 U-Ca-oxycarbonate?* 17, 31,32	Ca:U = 2:1 U-Ca-oxycarbonate?* 17,31,32	Ca:U = 2:1 SILICATE MINERALS Larnite+*#6,9,17,18,20,23,24 ,30,31,32,34,36	β-Ca2SiO4 Wollastonite+*#6,17,18,20,23,24 ,30,31,32,34 ,36	CaSiO3 Parawollastonite+#6,18,20,23,24,27,30,31,32,34 ,36	Ca3Si3O9 Anorthtite+*6,17,18,20,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34 ,36	CaAl2Si2O8 Albite+6,18,20,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34,35,36	Na AlSi3O8 Orthoclase+6,18,20,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34 ,36	KAlSi3O8 Rankinite (?)+*#6,17,18,20,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34	Ca3Si2O7 (significant Zn substitution for Ca) Diopside-hedenbergite+*#6,18,20,23,24,25,,27,30	Ca(Al,Fe)Si2O6 Monticellite+6,18,23,24, 30,31,32,34,35,36	 CaMgSiO4

Grossular+6,18,23,24, 30,31,32,33,34,,36	Ca3Al2[SiO4]3 Andradite+6,18,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34	Ca3Fe2Si3O12 Merwinite+#6,18,20,23,24, 30,31,32,34	Ca3Mg(SiO4)2 Gehlenite- Akermanite+6,18,20,23,24, 30,31,32	Ca2MgSi2O7- Ca2Al(Si,Al)2O7 Hatrurite+6,23,24, 30,31,32,34,36	Ca3SiO5 Bredigite+6,23,24 ,30,31,32,34 ,36	Ca7Mg(SiO4)4 Gehlenite+6,9,23,24, 30,31,32,34,35,36	Ca2Al(Si,Al)2O7 Melilite+6,23,24 ,30,31,32,34,35,36	Ca,Na)2(Mg,Fe,Al)[(Si,Al)2O7] Schorlomite+6,23,24, 30,31,32,34,36	Ca3(Ti,Fe+3)2(Si,Fe+3)O12 Cuspidine+6,23,24, 30,31,32,34, ,36	Ca4(Si2O7)F2 U-Ca-silicate*17, 31,32	unidentified and undefined Kumtyubeite+6,23,24 ,30,31,32,34,36	Ca5(SiO4)2F2 Pumpallyite+6,23,24, 30,31,32,34,36	Ca2MgAl2(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)2•(H2O) Dorrite+6,23,24, 30,31,32,34 ,36 	Ca2 (Mg2Fe+34)(Al4Si2O20) COMPLEX SILICATES AND SILICATES WITH OTHER OXYANIONS Spurrite+*#6,9,17,18,20,23,24, 30,31,32,34,35,36	Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3)    (Na- and P-bearing) Parraspurrite+*#6,17,18,20,23,24, 30,31,32,34,36	Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3) Tilleyite+#6,17,18,20,23,24, 30,31,32,34,36	Ca5(Si2O7)(CO3)2 Ternesite+*6,17,18,23,24, 30,31,32,34,36	Ca5(SiO4)2(SO4) Ba-Ca-sulphate-silicate*17,31,32	Undefined Ba-Ca-Zr-Mo-silicate*17,31,32	Undefined Ca-U silicate+6,18,20,23,24, 30,31,32,34,36	Unidentified (Unknown) Ca-U DOUBLE OXIDES nCaO∙mUO3 Vorlanite +#6,18,20,23,24, 30,31,32,34,36	 (CaU6+)O4 Unidentified+#6,18,20,23,24 ,30,31,32,34,36	Ca2UO5 Vapnikite+#6,18,20,23,24, 30,31,32,34 ,36	Ca3UO6 Unidentified +#6,18,20,23,24, 30,31,32,33,34,36	Ca4UO7 Unidentified +#6,18,20,23,24 ,30,31,32,34,,36	Ca5UO8 Unidentified +#6,18,20,23,24 ,30,31,32,34,36	Ca6UO9 Unidentified +#6,18,20,23,24 ,30,31,32,34,36	Ca3U2O9 Table 1b: Low temperature minerals Mineralogy 	General Formulae NATIVE ELEMENTS Native Sulfur+2,6,18,23,24,26,31,32,34 ,36	S Native Selenium+2,6,18,23,24,26,32,34, 36	Se CARBONATES Calcite+*#6,17,18,20,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34, ,36	CaCO3 Aragonite+*6,17,18,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34,36	CaCO3 Vaterite+*#6,17,18,20,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34, ,36	CaCO3 Strontianite+*6,17,18,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34, 36	SrCO3 Ankerite*1,2,17,29,31,32	Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2 Kutnahorite+*1,2,17,29,31,32	Ca0.75(Mn,Mg)0.25(CO3)2 Dolomite+6,17,18,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34 ,36	Ca(Mg)(CO3)2 Hydrotalcite*+6,17,18,23,24, 30,31,32,34 ,36	MgAl2(CO3)(OH)16.4H2O HALIDES Halite+*6,17,18,23,24 ,30,31,32,34 ,36	NaCl Fluorite+6,17,18,23,24 ,30,31,32,34 ,36	CaF2 Lodargirite+6,17,18,23,24, 30,31,32,34,35,36	AgI Bromargyrite+23,24,30,31,32,34, 36 	AgBr Embolite+23,24,30,31,32,34, 36	Ag(Br,Cl) OXIDES Hematite or ferric oxide+*6,17,18,23,24,30,36	α-Fe2O3 Maghemite (?)+*6,17,18,23,24,30,36	γ-Fe2O3 Mayenite group minerals: Fluorkyuygenite+6,17,18,23,24,30,36	Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)n(F,Cl)2 chlormay¬enite+6,17,18,23,24,30,36	Ca12Al14O32Cl2 Hydrated/hydroxylated fluormayenite+24,30,36 	Ca12Al14O32F2 SIMPLE HYDROXIDES Brucite+*6,17,18,23,24,30,31,32,33,34,36	Mg(OH)2 Portlandite+*#6,17,18,20,23,24, 30,31,32,34,36	Ca(OH)2 Cd-rich portlandite+29,30,31,32,34,36 	(Ca,Cd)(OH) 2, (Ca1-XCdx)[OH] 2SS (x ≤ 0.5) Ca[OH] 2- Cd[OH] 2 SS+34,35,36	(Ca067Cd0.33)[OH] 2 - (Ca0.45Cd0.55)[OH] 2 Gibbsite+*1,2,17,29,31,33,,34,36	α-AlOH3 Goethite+*1,2,17,29,31,33,34,36	α-FeO.OH Iron oxyhydroxide*34,35,36	undifferentiated Lepidochrocite+34,36	FeO.OH Hydrocalumite+34,36	Ca4Al2(OH)12Cl2•4H2O Qatranaite+35 	CaZn2 (OH) 2 (H2O)2 Cd-basic chloride+34,35,36	 Cd(OH) 2-X Cl-X) SULPHATES Gypsum+*#6,17, 20,26,28,31,33,34,36	CaSO4.2H2O Bassanite+*6,17, 20,26,28,31,33,34,36	CaSO4.0.52H2O Anhydrite+*6,17, 20,26,28,31,33,34,36	CaSO4 Barite+*#6,17, 26,28,31,33,34,36	BaSO4 Celestite (celestine) +*#6,17, 26,28,31,33,34,36	SrSO4 Barytocelestite+*17, 26,28,31,33,34	(Ba,Sr Anhydrite)SO4 Calcian barytocelestite+17, 26,28,31,33,34	(Ba,Ca,Sr)(SO4) Hashemite+10	Ba(CrO4) Ye’elimite+2,5,112,17, 26,28,31,33,34	Ca4Al6O12(SO4) Hashemite+*2,5,112,17, 26,28,31,33,34	BaCrO4 to BaSO4 [complete solid-solution] Cd-sulphate phase*2,5,10,12,17, 31,32	Undefined phase Pb-sulphate phase*2,5,10,12,17, 31,32	Undefined phase Cu,Zn-sulphate phase*2,5,10,12,17, 31,32	Undefined phase COMPLEX SULPHATES Ettringite+*#6,17,18,20,23,24,30,31,32,34 ,36	Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12.25H2O  Thaumasite+*#6,17,18,20,23,24,,30,31,32,34, 36	Ca6Si2(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)12.24H2O  Jourovskite*2,5,10,12,17, 31,32,33,34,36	Ca3Mn(CO3)(SO4)(OH)6.12H20 Bentorite+2,5,10,12,17, 31,32,33,34,36	Ca6Cr2(SO4)3(OH)12•26H2O SILICA MINERALS Quartz+*#6,17,18,20,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34, ,36	SiO2 Silica gel+*6,17,18,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34, ,36	SiO2.nH2O Opal-CT+*6,17,18,23,24,25,,27,30,31,32,34, ,36	SiO2 Opal-A+*6,17,18,23,24,26,,27,30,31,32,34, ,36	SiO2.nH2O APATITE MINERALS Hydroxyapatite+*#6,17,18,20,23,24,31,32,34, ,36	Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Fluorapatite+*#6,17,18,20,23,24,31,32,34, ,36	Ca10(PO4)6F2 Fluor-cabonate Apatite+*#6,17,18,20,23,24,31,32,34, ,36	Ca10-x-y(Na,K)xMgy(PO4)6-z(CO3)z(OH)2F0.4zF2 Ellestadite+*#6,17,18,20,23,24,31,32,34, ,36	Ca10(SiO4)3(PO4)3O24(Cl, F, OH)2 Fluorellestadite+*#6,17,18,20,23,24,31,32,34, ,36	Ca10(SiO4)3(PO4)3O24(F)2 [3] CSH and CASH PHASES Afwillite+*#6,17,18,20,23,24,31,32,34, ,36	Ca3Si2O4(OH)6 Tobermorite(s)+*# 6,17,18,20,23,24,31,32,34, ,36	Ca5Si6O16(OH)2.2-8H2O Jennite+*#6,17,18,20,23,24,31,32,34, ,36	Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)6•8H2O Tacharanite+6,18, 23,24,31,32,34, ,36	Ca12(Al2Si18O51)•18H2O Katoite+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34, ,36	Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x (x=0.2-1.5) Hibschite+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34, ,36	Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x (x=1.5-3.0) Bultfonteinite+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34, ,36	Ca2SiO2 (OH,F)4 Lévyne+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34, ,36	(Ca,(Na,K)2)Al2Si4O12•6H2O Hillebrandite+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34, ,36	Ca2SiO3(OH) 2 Uranophane+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34, ,36 	Ca(UO2) 2 (SiO3 (OH) 2.5H2O Birunite*2,5,10,12,17,29, 31,32	Ca15(CO3)5.5(SiO3)8.5SO4.15H2O CSH(I) hydrogel*2,5,10,12,17, 31,29,32	amorphous Ca:Si = 0.8-1.5 [4] CSH(II) hydrogel*2,5,10,12,17, 31,32	amorphous Ca:Si = 1.5–2  [4] CSH hydrogel* 2,5,10,12,17, 31,32,33	amorphous, undefined/variable Ca:Si = <0.8  [4] Tacharanite*2,5,10,12,17, 31,32	Ca12Al2Si18O15(OH)2.3H2O CASH hydrogels*2,5,10,12,17, 31,32	Highly variable compositions between tacharanite and zeolite compositions CSH-U+6 phase+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34, ,36	(CaO)3(UO3) 2(SiO2) 2.5∙6H2O (Unknown) ZEOLITE MINERALS Chabazite+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34 	(Ca,(Na,K)2)(AlSi2O6)•6H2O Phillipsite+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34	KCa(Al3Si5O16)•6H2O Mesolite+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34	Na2Ca2(Al6Si9O30)•8H2O Clinoptilolite+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34	(Na,K,Ca)2-3Al3(Al,Si)2Si13O36•12H2O

Mordenite*2,5,10,12,29,31,32	CaNa2K2Al2Si10O24.7H20 Dachiardite*2,5,10,12, 31,32	(CaNa2K2)5Al10Si38O96.25H20 Henlandite*2,5,10,12,31,32	(CaNa2)Al2Si7O18.6H20 Epistilbite* 2,5,10,12,31,32	Ca3Al6Si18O48.16H20 Yugarawaralite*2,5,10,12, 31,32	Ca2Al4Si12O32.8H20 Laumontite*2,5,10,12, 31,32	Ca4Al8Si16O49.16H20 Wairakite*2,5,10,12, 31,32	Ca4Al16Si32O96.16H20 Leonhardite*2,5,10,12,29, 31,32	Ca4(Al8Si16O48).14H20 CLAY MINERALS Volkonskoite+*#9,15,16,17,19, 20,21,22	Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2•4H2O Montmorillonite- Cr-smectite SS+#	Ca0.3(Al,Cr,Mg,Zn)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2•4H2O Kaolinite+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34, ,36	Al2Si2O5 Palygorskite+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34, ,36	(MgAl)2Si4O10 (OH) 24.H2O Illite+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34, ,36	K0.8(Al3.8Mg0.2)(Si)4O10)(OH)2 Chlorite+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34, ,36	Mg3 (OH)6. Mg3Si4O10 (OH)2 Antigorite/Chrysotile+6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34, ,36	Mg3Si2O5 OTHER PHASES Apophyllite+*6,18, 23,24,31,32,33,34, ,36	KCa4Si8O20(OH,F).8H2O (K,F-rich Ca-Cr-silicate hydrogel*2,5,10,12, 31,32	unidentified and undefined URANIUM MINERALS Carnotite+9,15,16,17,19,20,21,22	K2(UO2)2(VO4)2•3H2O Tyuyamunite+6,23,26,28,33,34,36	Ca(UO2)2(VO4)2•5-8H2O Sr-rich tyuyamunite+6,23,26,28,33,34,36	(Ca,Sr)(UO2) 2 (VO4) 2•6(H2O) Metatyuyamunite+6,23,26,28,33,34,36	Ca(UO2)2(VO4)2•3-5H2O Strelkinite+6,23,26,28,33,34,36	Na2(UO2)2(VO4)2•6(H2O) Tyuyamunite –Strelkinite SS+6,23,26,28,33,34	Ca(UO2)2(VO4)2•5-8H2O – Na2(UO2)2(VO4)2•6(H2O) Autunite+6,23,26,28,33,34,36	Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2•10-12H2O X-Phase+26,28,33,34,36	Ca2UO5∙ 2-3H2O

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17:30, 21 September 2017 (UTC)Khouryhn (talk)