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Iodine
Iodine has been an integral part of medicine for centuries. It is undeniably necessary for the proper function of many of the body’s tissues including the breasts, pancreas, brain, stomach, adrenal glands, skin, salivary glands, and cerebral spinal fluid. Iodine, also known as iodide is a type of mineral that is naturally found in the earth’s soil and ocean waters. Some researchers suggest that consuming seafood in the right amount is something that has helped the human brain develop into the intelligent machine it is today.

History
In the 17th century, a tincture of iodine, iodoform, or one of the iodides was applied to every wound that resisted the standard procedure which included rubbing herbs over the afflicted area. Bernard Courtois, a French Chemist discovered Iodine in 1811. By 1820, physicians had started using Iodine both topically and systemically. Nine years later, Lugol’s solution(aqueous iodine) got into medical practice as an antiseptic and disinfectant. Hertford, a surgeon at the General Infirmary, and author of 'Textbook on Surgery' included a special section on the application of iodine tincture to lacerated, bruised, and punctured wounds. He stated, he did that 'to make a general notice of a remedy whose superior healing properties, as an external application, appeared to be little known to the profession.' Throughout the 19th century, iodine was tested by physicians and surgeons for every conceivable pathology. Iodine, in its various forms, was prescribed for an astonishingly wide variety of diseases. This included paralysis, deafness, burns, asthma, ulcers, and syphilis.

And, finally, in 1956, Herman Shelanski invented Povidone-Iodine by combining polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) with I2, which is actively used for application over wounds, by everyone around the globe. There has been substantial in vitro evidence showing that PVP-I is a highly effective and broad-spectrum antimicrobial. The activity was demonstrated against both common bacterial wound isolates and antibiotic-resistant species. Notable microbiologists of the time,Lacey and Catto determined that more than 99 percent of the MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) cells had gotten killed within 10 seconds of PVP-I exposure.

Even though the early use of iodine involved aqueous and alcoholic iodine preparations associated with unpleasant side effects, including pain, irritation, and skin staining; its usage was extensive. In the field of medicine and wound care, microbial iodine-resistant strains are exceptionally rare. It had been widely known for many years that I2 is the active biocide in all iodine disinfectants. The existing commercial formulations of I2 either contained deficient concentrations, e.g., 2-5, of I2 (10%-PVP) or were irritating to the skin (Lugol's solution). The medical literature mistakenly believed that skin irritation was due to the molecular I2 in iodine disinfectants.Dr. Jack Kessler (Ph.D.), known as the godfather of Molecular Iodine among his peers, found that this claim is not confirmed by any monitored empirical evidence. Manuscripts showed that I2 was not unpleasant or harmful in restricted instances where the chemical species of iodine had been properly regulated.

Povidone-Iodine, which is typically available off the shelf amongst topical aqueous disinfectants (E.g., Betadine) has a minimal quantity of I2, normally 1-8 parts per million (PPM). After more than 25 years of rigorous research, Dr. Jack Kessler in 2017 succeeded at isolating Active Molecular Iodine (I2) free of any by-products. The longer time taken to completely diffuse molecular iodine from the skin ensures that it has an antimicrobial effect that is sustained over long periods. The colloidal suspension of I2 is active for 12 to 24 hours on average. Ex vivo studies of skin permeation of iodine under controlled conditions have shown that the increased availability of iodine combined with its permeability has allowed it to suppress microbial growth. If iodine disinfectants contain defined concentrations of the active biocide, i.e. I2, without the presence of iodine/ iodine species, it will not lead to staining and irritation.

Molecular Iodine (I2)
Active Molecular Iodine (I2) primarily acts against pathogens in all iodine-based antiseptics and is a naturally occurring Bio-molecule formed in our thyroid and other tissues. It is non-toxic to human cells while being hostile to all known Biocides (microorganisms intended to deter, destroy or render harm to any living organism). Molecular Iodine’s biocidal action works on the mechanism of getting absorbed into the skin and therefore is not superficial as compared to other topical disinfectants.

Applications
Iodine-based disinfectants rely on a different mechanism to inactivate the virus. In contrast to alcohol, the antiviral activity of iodine-based disinfectants is caused by free molecular iodine (I2). Iodine has excellent penetration abilities and low reactivity with protein material. When applied to the skin, iodine-based disinfectants release free molecular iodine which penetrates the skin’s epidermis and forms a solid solution. This prevents it from being washed away or reduced.

However, the iodine load inside the skin does decrease over a long period of time. This is because the iodine diffuses back onto the surface of the skin in the form of a colorless, odorless gas, forming a gaseous antiviral shield on the skin. It is in this form that the molecular iodine begins the inactivation of the virus. The extremely slow release of iodine also ensures that it provides protection against the virus for extended periods of time, decidedly longer than the 5-minute barrier for complete loss infectivity of the virus. The biocidal action of molecular iodine works on the mechanism of absorption into the skin, providing long-lasting protection around the clock. Active molecular iodine gets delivered into the skin within 30 seconds of application and then keeps outgassing to form an invisible shield for up to 6 hours. Molecular Iodine may also be used as hand rubs as opposed to alcohol-based disinfectants. The distinctive advantage over other popular disinfectants is the ability of iodine to carry strong emollients creating a nourishing and moisturizing effect on the skin.