User:Kiahnadenae/Self-control theory of crime/Bibliography

Self-Control Theory of Crime Contribution
Article: Self-control theory of crime 

Lead:

The Lead is a little wordy and can be organized to flow better when providing a brief description of the article. For example, introduction the theory, then its theorist, and finally what the theory aims to depict. Another suggestion that would strength the Lead would be including the name of other theorist such as Freud, who contributed to the empirical study of the literature.

* The General Theory of Crime or GTC is a criminological theory published in 1984 and was originally introduced by Michael R. Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi. Since the release of the GTC, it has received a large amount of criticism and improvements by other theorist including Sigmund Freud's. Gottfredson and Hirschi, General Theory of Crime state that all crime can be understood through low self-control and opportunity (high in benefits). The theorist used a three-pronged socialization process including the Age Postulate, Stability Postulate, and the Versatility Postulate to explain crime and self-control.

Policies
Hirschi and Gottfredson argued that an important factor behind crime is individual lack of self-control. Individual self-control and the reduction of deviant behaviors can be explained through Hirschi and Gottfredson three-pronged socialization process.

The Age Postulate suggests delinquency occurs during the early to mid-stages of adolescence and reaches an all-time high during adolescence. After the peak of deviance during the adolescence stage, deviant behaviors decrease as individuals reach adulthood. The Stability Postulate suggest criminal acts or deviancy is related to a lack of socialization. For example, Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest children who lack socialization, such as low parental supervision, will possibly commit crime later in life. Lastly, the Versatility Postulate suggest individuals who engage in formal acts of deviancy (not doing homework) will likely be the same individuals engaging in criminal behaviors (drug use, burglaries, assaults).

Addition to Criticisms and Defense
Also See:

Reality Principle

Pleasure Principle

Reference:

 * De Puiseau, B. W., Glöckner, A., & Towfigh, E. V. (2019). Integrating theories of law obedience: How utility-theoretic factors, legitimacy, and lack of self-control influence decisions to commit low-level crimes. Judgment & Decision Making, 14(3), 318
 * Dunkel, C. S., Mathes, E., & Beaver, K. M. (2013). Life history theory and the general theory of crime: Life expectancy effects on low self-control and criminal intent. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 7(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099177