User:Killari Wanka/sandbox

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Kallanka
These were large rectangular enclosures, up to 70 meters (230 feet) long, associated with important state centers. The structures, mentioned as "barns" in the chronicles due to its size. Some main characteristics generally featured in the kallankas are: several doors, niches, windows, gables and gable roofs, elongated rectangular ground plan, interior usually without divisions (continuous space), presence of internal posts or columns to support the roof (in the case of large structures), several doors placed at intervals in one of the long walls that lead to a square. The size of these structures could be from 17 to 105 meters (56 to 345 feet), although a minimum size has been established of 40 meters (132 feet), being its best example the kallanka of Huchuy Qosqo.

Due to its importance as political or military administrative centers, several functions have been attributed to it such as: Headquarters or barracks for the soldiers of the empire, places of public meeting or assembly, palaces or lodgings for important individuals, or finally as a multi-role building (it had to be adapted to different purposes and situations).

Pukara
The Pukaras were the main military fortifications of the Incas, usually built in the limits of the empire and in conflict zones. With the exception of the great strongholds in the Cuzco area, the structure and layout of the Inca fortresses are surprisingly uniform, indicating that they were planned and constructed by a central authority. The pukaras were usually situated on hills; built on concentric terraces that spiraled up the hillside to surround a barracks complex. The size of the pukaras and their garrisons depended on their strategic importance. Sacsayhuaman, overlooking the capital, Cuzco, was of colossal proportions, and was probably the largest pukara in the empire.

The Inca pukaras were at strategic heights overlooking the main crossroads, important settlements, and tambos. Built individually or in groups of different sizes, depending on the importance of the place to be protected. The upper part of the retaining wall of the terraces had a stone parapet that protected the defenders from enemy projectiles (called "Pirqas", walls of rustic construction made of raw stone, with a maximum height of approximately 1.5 - 1.7 meters (5 - 5.6 feet) and a width of about one meter). Perforated entrances into the two meter deep terrace walls allow access to each level of the Pukara. The hilltop complex was surrounded by its own wall, large pukaras could include a platform for a temple dedicated to the sun god Inti; turrets and small towers with stone gates that functioned as observatories, lodgings for the commander of the square, his troops and some priests and Colcas where food, clothing and armament for the garrison were kept, as well as several rooms. Sometimes, instead of building one, the Inca army would just conquest one of the local enemy fortifications and renovate it, such as the Paramonga fortress. The commander of the pukara was usually a Rinriyuq (nobleman from Cuzco), the garrison was called Pukara kamayuqkuna: "Group of the pukara's guards".

Colcas
The Colca (from quechua "Qullqa": "depot, storehouse".) was the storage building found along the Inca road system and at the villages and political centers of the Tawantinsuyu, this system guaranteed the survival of the empire and its people in years when harvests were poor, the goods were generally stored in ceramic vessels. Inka engineers understood the environment and built colcas to take advantage of natural airflow to keep stored items fresh.

The qullqas could be round or rectangular, the local population near the colcas centers had the obligation to supply these storehouses with food (like chuño) and other basic products, like weapons, that could be distributed to their armies, officers, conscripted workers and, in times of need, to the population (for example, droughts). Most important provincial centers could contain hundreds of colcas.

Tambo
The tambo (from quechua "Tampu") was a building located next to a road used by travelling state personnel as a shelter and storage center for administrative and military purposes. Its importance consist in the fact that the tambos were the buildings with the greatest presence throughout the Inca Empire. The Inca trail (Qhapaq Ñan) had 20 or 30 km distant tambos (a journey on foot) from each other. Its main function was to house the chasquis (emissaries) and the Inca officials who traveled through these roads. There is no information on whether they housed ordinary men (hatun runas). People from nearby communities were recruited to serve in the tambos as part of the work system called mit'a.

These Tambos, were places of supply which served the chasquis as a shelter on their travels. They used a relay system to get the information to its destination. They began the journey near one tambo until they reached the next one, where another chasqui was found and he was in charge of carrying out the same task so on until they reached the destination of the message. It is known that they managed to make the route from Cusco to Quito in about a week.

The functions of the tambos also depended on their size and the equipment they contained. Each tambo had the capacity to house several state officials. For example, the smaller tambos served as stations for the chasquis, called "Chasquiwasi" (literally "House of the chasqui") of only one room and a small place to store supplies. Larger tambos could also provide other functions, like warehouses that could provide supplies and some accommodations for the moving armies. This function, however, should not be confused with the collcas, which were only warehouses from which the armies were resupplied when they passed.

Equipment
One of the things that granted to the incas the capacity to create the biggest empire in the pre-columbian america, was their ability to use the metallurgy in war and also the ability to adapt to every new kind of weapon, from the bow and arrow of the Antisuyu to the sword and arquebus of the Spaniards. Each inca soldier carried a different kind of weapon according to his origin in the ayllu, the quality of the decoration as well as the metal that made it up, depended on his military rank (See table above). Here is a list of all the weapons used in the army:

After spending time with the spanish people, Manco Inca, learned to use spanish weapons, learned their tactics and the weaknesses of each weapon. This would be of great help, since after the first confrontations during the rebellion, the Inca troops began to use spanish weapons, being almost on equal terms; something fundamental for the 40 years of Inca resistance.

Armour
The armor used during the Tawantinsuyu varied in style and material according to the region to which each soldier belonged, for example, in the Andes it was generally adorned with wool fringes while on the coast (mainly the Chinchaysuyu) feathers were used. This, plus the different types of ornaments that corresponded to each military rank, made a spectacle worth to observe while they were marching through the mountains. The personal equipment of each soldier was generally made up of clothing that allowed him a greater mobility in battle and at the same time protected him from pushing attacks as well as from the environment. As the main piece of the military uniform the common attire of Andean tunics called "Unku" were used, generally the llama wool was used to its elaboration, being the Alpaca and Vicuña fiber the most precious. In general, the unkus didn't present much decoration other than what was necessary to differentiate the nation of each soldier, for example, displaying a more traditional design having as the main color some brown shade being the rest of the ornamentation of different colors from red to purple. The unkus were made in different sizes, the upper part could cover the elbow or only the shoulders in the same way as the lower part could cover the knees or only the thighs, the unku was commonly girded with a huaraca in the Andes as a belt. Nobles and military officers wore another selected kind of unkus, whose main difference with the previous one was the presence of several tokapus corresponding to its wearer, since each tokapu meant something different, and the predominant color that was red or crimson that the Incas associated to the nobility, some officers prefered to have smaller versions that were used above the first unku covering the shoulders and waist. Since it was a vestment used by important individuals the material used was the "cumbi" or "kumpi", textile made of vicuña wool that through a process was so fine that it looked like silk, it was administered by the acllas and it was so important that it was only given as very special gifts from the Sapa Inca or in ceremonies as an offering. The main aristocratic military unku was made of squares black and white (checkered) with a red triangle under the neck. Ponchos, over the unkus, were used as the main protection against cold and their use was optional so could be taken by soldiers and commanders. An exception to the use of unkus and ponchos is found in the Antisuyu, the Amazon rainforest, here the fundamental attire is the cushma or kushma, a long tunic made of cotton in ivory white, brown and ocher colors that covers from the elbows to the ankles and is still used by the ashaninka, yanesha, matsigenka, shipibo-conibo and yines people. An addition to Inca protection are the vests called "cheqchipacha" or "chiqchi pacha" (quechua; chiqchi: "grayish" and pacha: "clothing", not to be confused with pacha). These were vests made of leather or cotton covered with short feathers in such a way that it seemed to be made of some animal fur, the colors used were black, white, green, yellow and brown. It was similar to a sleeveless doublet without the lateral parts of the chest, due to the care of its manufacture it also had a symbolic role within the Chimu military elite, the original creators of this armor, it doesn't seem to have had a relevant role on the Inca army after its acquisition in the Chimu-Inca war, despite this, it's mentioned by Bernabé Cobo in his inventory of defensive weapons. It must be understood that the feathers used in most garments were small and belonged to selected species of birds that were even considered a type of tribute payment in some places of the Antisuyu; the featherwork realized by the Incas and their annexed nations wasn't similar in any way to that of other cultures. In the central territory of the Chinchaysuyu it can also be find pieces of leather that were used hanging from the neck that served to protect the upper part of the chest, similar to a larger Gorget or Standard, were used mostly by military officers with Chimor influence although it could also be used by the common Auca runa with notorious decorative differences. In the southern part of the empire (Qullasuyu) were used reinforced leather breastplates which use would later increase, the size of this armor piece varied from protecting the shoulders to the abdomen to also protecting part of the thighs, of course it depended on the height of its wearer. It was capable to deflect stone projectiles from a huaraca and blows from blunt weapons like maces or clubs, the most common weaponry in the Andes; it also protected the soldier from superficial cuts of knives and spears, it was less effective against this last one though, being the metal-headed spears its greatest counter but luckily, the Incas were the only ones who used this weapon extensively among their ranks. Then there are the bracers, vambrace or bracelets made in the same way as the helmets: with wooden rods and woven with a tokapu painted wool or cotton. They were tied to the arms and legs with small strips of wool or ropes and due to their usefulness they were used in all the 4 suyus except the Antisuyu. The ones that used the high military ranks were made of metal (copper or bronze), being those made of gold reserved for the elite. Another piece in the military uniform of the Inca nobility were the medallions or pendants made exclusively of metal being the lower one the copper lined with cloth, they were hung from the neck and can be found in several of the drawings made by Guaman Poma representing the captains.

Capes
(quechua: Yaqulla) – The capes were made of thick Alpaca wool, they made up an important part of the nobility clothes so were made by the acllas, the chosen women, the typical reddish colors highlighted in these robes together with textile decorations such as animal drawings, fringes, meanders and tokapus. The capes were held together with metal pins called "tupu". On the battlefield it served as a defense against enemy projectiles and reduced a part of the rear attacks, in addition it also protected its wearer from the environment, this function could be replaced in the common soldiers from the Hurin suyukuna with monochrome blankets made of wool or cotton that were tied to the body in many turns. Like the ponchos, their use was optional, so military officers could use them if that was their wish.

Helmets
(quechua: Uma chuku) – The helmets used by the Incas were conical, a particular form of southern Peru, as can be seen in the helmets made by the Chiribaya culture, as opposed to the dome-shaped helmets of the coast (Moche and Nazca) or the conical frustum of the Altiplano (present-day Bolivia ) simply called "chuku" of an identical aspect to the fez hat. To make a helmet the wooden rods were woven with wool or cotton and then painted with tokapus if it was necessary or simple artistic decoration, on the coast the cane was used instead of wood, the helmets could also just be made directly of wood. Although that was the general appearance of this Andean helmet, there was no standardized shape since the making of this armor piece was one of the main ways that helped to differentiate nations, such as the size, material used, art, elaboration, ornaments and headgears that were made according to the influence of the pre-Inca culture in the area, according to Bernabé Cobo the Inca helmets were made in such a way that not a blow of stone or stick could damage them. For the creation of the metal helmets used by the nobility, whether made of copper, bronze or gold, a layer of the chosen material was added to the main wooden structure in a similar way to how the helmets worn by middle rank soldiers had metal rings between its composition to reinforce it. In most of the drawings, made by Guaman Poma and those found in Cuzco queros, the representations of the helmets had certain ornaments on the upper part, presumably short feathers, like the use of Quriquenque feathers in the maskhaypacha.

Shields
(quechua: Wallqanqa) – The shields were made of wood and once they were lined with deer leather, a wool or cotton canvas was added where tokapus, chakanas, geometric figures such as triangles, squares, lines, etc. were painted or in some nations designs proper from ceramic. Above this, metal jewelry was added that could be gold and silver or copper the lower soldier. Each one of the following shields, and most of the Inca weaponry, were made from the strongest wood that could be found in their area of ​​manufacture: Chunta in the eastern mountains and in the jungle, Thaqu in the north west, and Waranqu in the southwest. (Kuntisuyu and Qullasuyu). The shield was used throughout the Tawantinsuyu with the exception of the Antisuyu, which is also known for the lack of references to its army.


 * Square shield: The favorite shield of the Andean soldiers therefore being the most used. It generally had a small cotton cape added to protect part of the legs from enemy projectiles. Guaman Poma always represents the military with this type of shield.
 * Round Shield: These were used mostly along the coast, the size and easy control made them appropriate for the battles fought in this type of terrain. Its use increased among the Inca army after its acquisition during the northern campaigns.
 * Rectangular shield: Large wooden shields in which a soldier could easily cover his body. Like the square shield it could have a cotton cape, although much smaller, mainly for decorative purposes. Most of the time it was placed on the back to serve as protection against rear attacks, leaving both hands empty for battle. Its use in the Andes began during the Middle Horizon, in the Wari Culture heyday (500CE - 1200CE).

Axe
(quechua: Chiqtana) – Light weapon with the head shape similar to the tumi, probably brought, common ones were made of flint or copper, meanwhile the axes for officers and noblemen were created with other metals like gold and silver, it remained as an important weapon due to his origin in Tiahuanaco influence. Incas created an original weapon design in which they mixed an axe with a star-shaped mace, commonly called "Champi" for its mace function, although it belongs to the category of axes.

Bolas
(quechua: Liwi) – Hunting weapon originally created by the natives of the Patagonia, it was made up of 3 or 4 stone balls tied with a leather rope and were rotated over the head and thrown in order to break or entangle the feet of hunted animals. It doesn’t appear in the Andes until Inca times, who took it from the Collas, an Aymara Kingdom from the south who used the bolas as their main range weapon. Tupac Inca Yupanqui valued this weapon and knew its advantage on the battlefield, it was then when it got use during the conquest campaigns, the civil war and against the Spanish during the Manco Inca rebellion, where it turned out to be very effective against the cavalry.

Bow and Arrow
(quechua: Tiwka and Wachi, respectively) – It was an important weapon for the Inca army, so much that some authors consider its use bigger than the sling, although it was reserved for soldiers from the jungle regions such as the Shipibo, Chachapoyas, etc. These ethnic groups were experts in its use, having at their disposal poisons that they applied on arrows. It became very helpful to Manco Inca when he retired to Vilcabamba due to its proximity with the Amazon rainforest. It was in this place that it began to be used and it remained there until the Middle Horizon (600CE-1000CE), when it got introduced into the Andes by the Wari Empire. Despite the influence of this culture, there are no references to its later use until the Inca domain. The bow and arrow were never used on a larger scale in the Andean area, perhaps due to the lack of appropriate wood for the bow and the massive manufacture of arrows. The bow can also be translated as "Wachina".

Club
(quechua: Waqtana) – Long thick bats made of wood that had to be used with both hands, it could contain stone tips on the head to increase the damage, dealing strong blows to the head. Used by nations with poor technological development, it's known about its use in the Inca army although it doesn’t seem to have been very popular, due to its slowness mainly.

Daggers
(quechua: Tuksina) – A simple tool commonly made from flint with a wooden handle, used throughout the Andean area as hunting knives. There are no later references that indicate its main use as a military weapon, instead, it served as a dagger of last resort. However, it’s important to differentiate this type of knives with the ceremonial ones and those that belonged to the high military ranks that were made of metal.

The word "Tuksina", "Tuqsina" or "Tuccina" is used erroneously to identify a single-handed metal sword made of copper or bronze, presenting a width superior than the European one that would later be replaced with the Spanish sword during the rebellion of Manco Inca. This false information was brought from Juan de Betanzos (Ecuadorian priest and writer) who points to this as an example of the Inca superiority over the ancient Ecuadorian civilizations, thus justifying its downfall. This lacks archaeological evidence, as well as evidence written by chroniclers, both spanish and indigenous (like Guaman Poma). In conclusion, there was no metal sword and the only weapon with a similar use would be the Amazonian macana Wino.

Halberd
(quechua: Kunka kuchuna) – Weapons of two meters long approximately, which various chroniclers and writers call "Partisan" or "Polearm" due to its similarity to the European halberd. It's a straight axe in one side with a spearhead on the other, ending in a bundle of three feathers at the top. Considered an important symbol of power in Inca society, were used mainly by high military ranks and important provincial heads as a symbol of their relationship with the Inca state. It’s also referred as the golden staff that was given to Manco Capac by his father Inti for the founding of Cuzco.

Mace
(quechua: Champi) – The maces were the most common weapons in the empire, equivalent to the sword for Europe, the champi was the favorite weapon of the Andean army. It had an approximate handle of 60 cm, this measurement varied to easily identify soldiers with a high military rank, the lower part of the handle was occasionally covered with a sharp copper tube, whose end served as a dagger or spear. There were 4 types of heads: star-shaped, spherical, doughnut shaped and cactus. These weapons are usually called "chaska chuki" because the star-shaped one was the most used in the Inca army, also to its alternative function as a short spear.

The origin of the star-shaped mace is the doughnut shaped one, with the help of hard stone cutting instruments, the material was removed by outlining the tips. Later, thanks to the advancement of metallurgy in the Andes during the Early Intermediate and Middle Horizon (200 BCE - 600CE and 600CE - 1000CE respectively) allowed its elaboration from copper and bronze, as well as the refinement of the star-shaped head, realizing jagged metal discs impossible to create with stone. A particular design from the north, specifically from the Salinar Culture (500 BCE - 200 CE), would create a new category of maces. It’s a strong mace head made of diorite in the shape of a cactus, it could be a representation of the San Pedro cactus due to its symbolic importance of the time, this new form would remain in the Andes and later be recreated from metal.

Sling
(quechua: Waraka) – The huaracas, as are commonly called, were for a long time the main range weapons in the central-Andean area. It was made of wool and leather, with an average length of 2 meters. . It also had other functions: it was used by children to hunt down birds, to pull boats during the crossing of rivers and used as accessories at the waist during ceremonies , these were specially made for this purpose (slightly larger, also presented different textile designs according to its carrier and resulted useless in battle). The slingers were very accurate when using the huaraca, they stood out for the precision and force with which they attacked from afar with such force that they could kill a horse and its rider. It has been estimated that only the Inca's escort had 5,000 slingers. The projectiles could exceed the 120km/h with an effective range of 100 meters —the total range was larger— and an average diameter of 5.2 cm, made of stone or hardened clay. Could be carried in bags called chuspas, which main function was to carry coca leaves, or stacked in piles with a distance of 2 to 3 meters, space necessary for two slingers to not interfere with each other.

Stones wrapped in burning cotton were thrown to burn the wooden and straw roofs, this incendiary device is verified during the siege of Cuzco (1536) and during the Viracocha campaigns through the Kuntisuyu, where after two days of fighting against the Caytomarca people and being unable to cross the river that protected the city, the Inca climbed a hill and with a sling that had gold threads, caused a fire in one of the houses, seeing this, the elders of the town surrendered to the Cuzco domain thinking it had been a divine punishment for not wanting to obey the Inca.

Spear
(quechua: Chuki) – The spear was one of the most important weapons of the Inca army, it could have a fire-hardened point or a metal tip, made of copper or bronze. It was used together with the shields, lacking these, the weapon was placed above the left arm using the cape of the soldier as a shield. Spears with feathers on the upper part and others with fringes made of wool throughout the spear were reserved for the nobility, obviously because of their symbolic importance. In the drawings made by Guaman Poma, the Inca soldiers are represented with spears and maces most of the time.
 * Hatuchaq Chuki.– It was a long polearm from 4 to 6 meters high, due to its size it was called "Pike" by the Spanish. Even though there is no clear reference about its role in battle, the magnitude of this weapon indicates a possible use in defense and siege of pukaras. Its name literally means "The biggest spear".

Wino
The Wino or Wyno is a wooden macana from the Amazon rainforest acquired by the Inca army after the conquests through the Antisuyu, it was used as one of the main melee weapons of the jungle soldiers. It functioned as a long sword made of chonta wood, with a total length of approximately 1.7 meters, 7.2 cm wide at the hilt and a round pommel. It was used with both hands and could be of two types: with a double point (in the shape of a "V") native to the Shipibo-Conibo people or with a single point, the soldiers trained in this weapon were the ones who best adapted during and after the rebellion of Manco Inca to using the spanish sword. It had a smaller version that could be used with a single hand and it's still represented in some folkloric dances in Peru.

History
The Chanka-Inca War (c. 1440) was the last of the conflicts between the Chankas and Incas. It meant for the latter a turning point for their consolidation over the areas nearby Cusco, as well as the beginning of its territorial expansion, which led to the foundation of the Inca Empire.

Background
The first contact between Chankas and Incas occurred during the reign of Capac Yupanqui. The Quechua chiefdom, located in the Andahuaylas Province, requested an alliance with the Incas against their Chanka neighbors in case of an invasion. The Ayarmaca chiefdom had the same intentions, for which a marriage was carried out between Capac Yupanqui and Curi Hilpay, daughter of the Ayarmaca chief. Unfortunately, Capac Yupanqui was poisoned by another of his wives, the political turmoil and the seizure of power carried out by Inca Roca that followed gave the Chanka army the perfect opportunity to conquer the Quechuas.

Confident in their victories until then, the Chankas established themselves in the Apurímac River, with the clear intention to invade the region of Cusco. Thus, Inca Roca planned a surprise attack on their forces, he recruited mercenaries from the Canas and Canchis chiefdoms, and constructed a bridge over the river. The Chankas were forced to flee all the way back to Andahuaylas.

Final Conquest
After coronation of Pachacuti,